ArticleAmerican journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council2019
Physical activity and time budgets of Hadza forager children: Implications for self-provisioning and the ontogeny of the sexual division of labor.
Article in American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Menopause Averted a Midlife Energetic Crisis With Help From Older Dependent Children and Parents: A Simulation Study.American journal of biological anthropology · 2026Article
- Urbanization exacerbates age-associated declines in cardiometabolic health in Turkana and Orang Asli.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Patterns of physical activity in hunter-gatherer children compared with US and UK children.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Adolescence is characterized by more sedentary behaviour and less physical activity even among highly active forager-farmers.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2023Article
- Female cooperation: evolutionary, cross-cultural and ethnographic evidence.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Review
- Foraging complexity and the evolution of childhood.Science advances · 2022Article
- Let's Play at Digging : How Vigorous Is This Energetic Task for a Young Forager?Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.) · 2022Article
- Socioecology shapes child and adolescent time allocation in twelve hunter-gatherer and mixed-subsistence forager societies.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- The Evolution of Playfulness, Play and Play-Like Phenomena in Relation to Sexual Selection.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Hunter-Gatherer Children's Object Play and Tool Use: An Ethnohistorical Analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Gathering Is Not Only for Girls : No Influence of Energy Expenditure on the Onset of Sexual Division of Labor.Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.) · 2021Article
- Sociocultural Dimensions of Children's Physical Activity in Contemporary Pastoralist Maasai Society.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- The male breadwinner nuclear family is not the 'traditional' human family, and promotion of this myth may have adverse health consequences.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2021Article
- The Life History of Learning Subsistence Skills among Hadza and BaYaka Foragers from Tanzania and the Republic of Congo.Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.) · 2021Article
- Harm Avoidance and Mobility During Middle Childhood and Adolescence among Hadza Foragers.Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.) · 2021Article
- Ecological and Developmental Perspectives on Social Learning : Introduction to the Special Issue.Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.) · 2021Article
- Childhood Teaching and Learning among Savanna Pumé Hunter-Gatherers : Mismatch between Foraging and Postindustrial Societies.Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.) · 2021Article
- Changes in Juvenile Foraging Behavior among the Hadza of Tanzania during Early Transition to a Mixed-Subsistence Economy.Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.) · 2020Article
- No Association between 2D:4D Ratio and Hunting Success among Hadza Hunters.Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.) · 2020Article
- Where innovations flourish: an ethnographic and archaeological overview of hunter-gatherer learning contexts.Evolutionary human sciences · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo determine the effects of age and sex on physical activity and time budgets of Hadza children and juveniles, 5-14 years old, including both in-camp and out-of-camp activities.
methodsBehavioral data were derived from ~15 000 hourly in-camp scan observations of 76 individuals and 13 out-of-camp focal follows on nine individuals. The data were used to estimate energy expended and percentage of time engaged in a variety of routine activities, including food collection, childcare, making and repairing tools, and household maintenance.
resultsOur results suggest that (1) older children spend more time in economic activities; (2) females spend more time engaged in work-related and economic activities in camp, whereas males spend more time engaged in economic activities out of camp; and (3) foraging by both sexes tends to net caloric gains despite being energetically costly.
conclusionsThese results show that, among the Hadza, a sexual division of labor begins to emerge in middle childhood and is well in place by adolescence. Furthermore, foraging tends to provide net caloric gains, suggesting that children are capable of reducing at least some of the energetic burden they place upon their parents or alloparents. The findings are relevant to our understanding of the ways in which young foragers allocate their time, the development of sex-specific behavior patterns, and the capacity of children's work efforts to offset the cost of their own care in a cooperative breeding environment.
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