ArticleDeutsches Arzteblatt international2018
The Nomenclature, Definition and Distinction of Types of Shock.
Article in Deutsches Arzteblatt international, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 206 citations in OpenAlex.
- Is restriction of intravenous fluid beneficial for septic shock in ICU patients? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.BMC anesthesiology · 2025Pooled it
- Guideline on positioning and early mobilisation in the critically ill by an expert panel.Intensive care medicine · 2024Guideline
- Resuscitation-associated endotheliopathy (RAsE): a conceptual framework based on a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Sublingual microcirculatory assessment on admission independently predicts the outcome of old intensive care patients suffering from shock.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Direct assessment of microcirculation in shock: a randomized-controlled multicenter study.Intensive care medicine · 2023Trial
- Does Renal Sympathetic Denervation Impact the Outcome in Sepsis-Induced Shock? An Experimental Porcine Model.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Usability Validation of an Integrated Hemodynamic and Pulmonary Monitoring System Using Eye-Tracking Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Pediatric Shock Across Acute Emergencies: Age Patterns, Etiologic Subtypes, and Bedside Clinical Indicators in a Single-Centre Cohort.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The physiologic power of fluid circulation and implications for fluid therapy.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Review
- Observational
- Shock in Pregnancy - Recommendations of the German Interdisciplinary Association for Intensive and Emergency Medicine (DIVI - Section Shock) and the Working Group on Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine (AGG - Section on Maternal Disorders).Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde · 2025Article
- Severe dengue in adults admitted to intensive care units on réunion island: clinical spectrum, outcomes, and predictors of mortality.Critical care (London, England) · 2025Article
- Polymicrobial Infection (Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative) Exacerbates Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome in a Conscious Swine Extremity Trauma Model.Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology · 2025Article
- Inconsistent Pulse Oximetry Signal in Multiple Sites as an Early Indicator of Severe Hypovolemia.Cureus · 2025Article
- A Novel Approach to Early Personalized Hemodynamic Resuscitation: Non-Invasive Peripheral Photoplethysmography for Identifying Predominant Vasodilatory Shock in Sepsis.Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · 2025Article
- ARDS during haematopoietic reconstruction after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in non-child patients: based on the new global definition.BMJ open respiratory research · 2025Article
- Resonance Raman Spectroscopy Detects Ischemia in Experimental Coarctation of the Aorta in a Rodent Model.Journal of cardiovascular translational research · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- Comparison of different AI systems for diagnosing sepsis, septic shock, and cardiogenic shock: a retrospective study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundA severe mismatch between the supply and demand of oxygen is the common feature of all types of shock. We present a newly developed, clinically oriented classification of the various types of shock and their therapeutic implications.
methodsThis review is based on pertinent publications (1990-2018) retrieved by a selective search in PubMed, and on the relevant guidelines and meta-analyses.
resultsThere are only four major categories of shock, each of which is mainly related to one of four organ systems. Hypovolemic shock relates to the blood and fluids compartment while distributive shock relates to the vascular system; cardiogenic shock arises from primary cardiac dysfunction; and obstructive shock arises from a blockage of the circulation. Hypovolemic shock is due to intravascular volume loss and is treated by fluid replacement with balanced crystalloids. Distributive shock, on the other hand, is a state of relative hypovolemia resulting from pathological redistribution of the absolute intravascular volume and is treated with a combination of vasoconstrictors and fluid replacement. Cardiogenic shock is due to inadequate function of the heart, which shall be treated, depending on the situation, with drugs, surgery, or other interventional procedures. In obstructive shock, hypoperfusion due to elevated resistance shall be treated with an immediate life-saving intervention.
conclusionThe new classification is intended to facilitate the goal-driven treatment of shock in both the pre-hospital and the inpatient setting. A uniform treatment strategy should be established for each of the four types of shock.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.