ArticleReproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.)2019
Cell-Free DNA Release by Mouse Fetal Membranes.
Article in Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cell-free placental DNA: What do we really know?PLoS genetics · 2024Review
- Fetal DNA Causes Sex-Specific Inflammation From Human Fetal Membranes.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Article
- Cell-Free Fetal DNA Increases Prior to Labor at Term and in a Subset of Preterm Births.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionCell-free "fetal" DNA is released from the placenta. Because the fetal membranes also arise from the trophectoderm layer of the blastocyst, these studies sought to test the hypothesis that the membranes also release cell-free DNA (cfDNA).
methodsFetal membranes were harvested from pregnant CD-1 mice and cultured in 12-well plates containing media alone or with staurosporine and thapsigargin (apoptosis stimulators), Q-VD-OPh (caspase inhibitor), Trolox (vitamin E analog), and lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα; inflammatory mediators). The cfDNA in the media was extracted, quantified, and normalized for tissue weight. Media was used for a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. Membrane homogenates were used to assess activated caspase levels and the expression of DNA fragmentation factor B (DFFB) and BAX proteins. 5-Methylcytosine was assessed using a 5-mC DNA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The cfDNA was used to stimulate interleukin 6 (IL6) release by J774A.1 mouse macrophage cells.
resultsIncreased cfDNA release at 6 and 21 hours occurred in parallel with increasing LDH levels. The cfDNA concentrations were significantly suppressed by Q-VD-OPh and Trolox and increased by thapsigargin and TNFα. Increased caspase activity was suppressed by Q-VD-OPh and increased by TNFα, thapsigargin, and staurosporine. The expression of BAX and DFFB proteins significantly increased by 21 hours. 5-Methylcytosine levels were significantly lower in fetal membranes and placentas and below detectable in the cfDNA released by the explants. The cfDNA-stimulated IL6 release by macrophage cells was suppressed by chloroquine, a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) inhibitor.
conclusionsThese studies have confirmed cfDNA release by the mouse fetal membranes; cfDNA was markedly hypomethylated and a robust stimulator of TLR9.
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