ReviewExpert review of vaccines2019
Current landscape of nonmedical vaccination exemptions in the United States: impact of policy changes.
Review in Expert review of vaccines, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed.
- Social Identities and Vaccine Exemptions in the United States: The Role of Religiosity, Partisanship, and Vaccine Hesitancy.Journal of community health · 2026Article
- Factors associated with healthcare personnel uptake of updated COVID-19 vaccine doses in the United States.Preventive medicine reports · 2025Article
- Understanding Vaccine Hesitancy: Insights and Improvement Strategies Drawn from a Multi-Study Review.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Gender Dynamics in Vaccine Acceptance and Hesitancy Among Primary Caregivers in Ethiopia: A Mixed-Methods Study.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Article
- Pediatric Vaccine Hesitancy in the United States-The Growing Problem and Strategies for Management Including Motivational Interviewing.Vaccines · 2025Review
- The Continued Risk of Measles Outbreaks in the United States Resulting From Suboptimal Vaccination Coverage.Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) · 2025Article
- Understanding the factors that shape vaccination ecosystem resilience: a qualitative assessment of international expert experiences and perspectives.BMJ public health · 2024Article
- Advocate to vaccinate: moving away from the "politics" of vaccination.Pediatric research · 2024Article
- Ethical and Legal Debates on Vaccine Infodemics.Cureus · 2024Review
- COVID-19 vaccination policy dataset.Nature human behaviour · 2023Article
- State Policy Removing the Personal Belief Exemption for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) School Immunization Requirement, Washington State, 2014-2022.American journal of public health · 2023Article
- The legacy of the COVID-19 pandemic for childhood vaccination in the USA.Lancet (London, England) · 2023Review
- Pilot study to determine effect of an altruism intervention focusing on herd immunity to enhance influenza vaccination rates.Vaccine · 2022Article
- Article
- Effectiveness of vaccination mandates in improving uptake of COVID-19 vaccines in the USA.Lancet (London, England) · 2022Review
- Rationale for the Development of a Pentavalent Meningococcal Vaccine: A US-Focused Review.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2022Review
- An Informed Approach to Vaccine Hesitancy and Uptake in Children.Delaware journal of public health · 2022Article
- Evaluation of Trends in Homeschooling Rates After Elimination of Nonmedical Exemptions to Childhood Immunizations in California, 2012-2020.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionIn the United States, high childhood vaccination coverage has reduced the morbidity and mortality due to vaccine-preventable diseases. The success of vaccination programs in achieving this high coverage is due, in part, to vaccination mandates for school entry. All states have such mandates, but there is heterogeneity across the states in the allowance of non-medical exemptions (e.g. religious or personal belief exemptions) to these mandates. AREAS COVERED: We examine historical trends in non-medical exemption prevalence in the US, discuss recent state-level policy changes that may impact non-medical exemption prevalence, and review recent studies on the association between non-medical exemptions and infectious disease outbreaks. EXPERT COMMENTARY: State-level implementation of mandates, and related allowances for medical and non-medical exemptions, varies greatly across the United States. Non-medical exemption rates have increased over the last two decades, with an increased risk of disease outbreaks in clusters of children with non-medical exemptions due to differences in state laws. Recent efforts to address non-medical exemption rates range from incorporating additional administrative requirements for exemptions and disallowance of any non-medical exemptions. Continued monitoring is needed to evaluate the impact of these changes on exemption rates, to develop optimal childhood vaccination policy across the United States.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.