ArticleBMC urology2018
Effect of sample time on urinary lithogenic risk indexes in healthy and stone-forming adults and children.
Article in BMC urology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Urinary proteins from stone formers promote calcium oxalate crystallization, growth and aggregation via oxidative modifications.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Evaluation of urinary acidification in children: Clinical utility.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Review
- Efficacy and safety of an innovative prolonged-release combination drug in patients with distal renal tubular acidosis: an open-label comparative trial versus standard of care treatments.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2021Article
- Urinary supersaturation on fractioned urine collections: which urine sample can explain better the variability observed on 24-h urine? A proof-of-concept study.Urolithiasis · 2020Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe diagnosis and follow-up of stone forming patients is usually performed by analysis of 24-h urine samples. However, crystallization risk varies throughout the day, being higher at night. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the urinary crystallization risk in adults and children by calculating risk indexes based on different collection periods.
methodsThe study included 149 adults (82 healthy and 67 stone-formers) and 108 children (87 healthy and 21 stone-formers). 24-h urine was collected, divided into 12-h daytime sample (8 am to 8 pm), and 12-h overnight sample (8 pm to 8 am next morning). Solute concentrations, the calcium to citrate ratio (Ca/Cit), and the ion activity product of calcium oxalate (AP[CaOx]) and calcium phosphate (AP[CaP]) were calculated in each 12-h sample and in overall 24-h urine. Assessments were also related to stone type.
resultsCa/Cit and AP(CaOx) were significantly higher in stone forming patients than in healthy subjects. The 12-h overnight samples had the highest values for both risk indexes, confirming a greater risk for crystallization at night. The AP(CaP) index was significantly higher in patients with pure hydroxyapatite stones than healthy controls, but was not significantly different between stone-formers overall and healthy controls.
conclusionsThe calculation of risk indexes is a simple method that clinicians can use to estimate crystallization risk. For this purpose, the use of 12-h overnight urine may be a reliable alternative to 24-h collections.
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