ArticleMultiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)2019
Slowly expanding/evolving lesions as a magnetic resonance imaging marker of chronic active multiple sclerosis lesions.
Article in Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05961644 (Safety and Efficacy of Subcutaneous Cladribine for Nonrelapsing, Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis), which is not on this map. Cited by 113 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Safety and Efficacy of Subcutaneous Cladribine for Nonrelapsing, Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (CLASP-MS): a Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind, Phase 2 Study.
Who cites it
113 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 206 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of Slowly Expanding Lesions in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Neurology · 2026Pooled it
- Expert Panel Consensus Guidelines of the German Society of Neuroradiology on the Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Multiple Sclerosis.Clinical neuroradiology · 2026Guideline
- Clinical and Paraclinical Biomarkers and the Hitches to Assess Conversion to Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Pooled it
- The prevalence of paramagnetic rim lesions in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2021Pooled it
- Dimethyl fumarate preserves brainstem and cervical spinal cord integrity in radiologically isolated syndrome.Journal of neurology · 2024Trial
- Efficacy and safety results after >3.5 years of treatment with the Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor evobrutinib in relapsing multiple sclerosis: Long-term follow-up of a Phase II randomised clinical trial with a cerebrospinal fluid sub-study.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2024Trial
- Effect of Evobrutinib on Slowly Expanding Lesion Volume in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Phase 2 Trial.Neurology · 2024Trial
- Ibudilast reduces slowly enlarging lesions in progressive multiple sclerosis.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2024Trial
- Ocrelizumab-treated patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis show volume loss rates similar to healthy aging.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2023Trial
- Association of Higher Ocrelizumab Exposure With Reduced Disability Progression in Multiple Sclerosis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2023Trial
- Safety and efficacy of tolebrutinib, an oral brain-penetrant BTK inhibitor, in relapsing multiple sclerosis: a phase 2b, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.The Lancet. Neurology · 2021Trial
- Patterning Chronic Active Demyelination in Slowly Expanding/Evolving White Matter MS Lesions.AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology · 2020Trial
- Chronic white matter lesion activity predicts clinical progression in primary progressive multiple sclerosis.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2019Trial
- Treatment Effects on Chronic Active Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives.Neurology and therapy · 2026Review
- Challenges and Innovation for Diagnosing and Treatment of Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- From Phenotypes to Spectrum: Rethinking RRMS, SPMS and PPMS in the Era of PIRA-A Framework Integrating PIRA, Smouldering-Associated Worsening, and Neurologic Reserve to Facilitate Earlier Recognition of Progression.Neurology international · 2026Review
- The hypoxia-inflammation cycle as a key mechanism of smoldering inflammation and progression in multiple sclerosis.Acta neuropathologica · 2026Review
- Diffusivity anisotropy signature of slowly expanding lesions predicts progression independent of relapse activity in multiple sclerosis.Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry · 2026Observational
- Slowly Expanding Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.NeuroSci · 2026Review
- Smoldering neuroinflammation in progressive multiple sclerosis: mechanisms, imaging biomarkers, and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
53 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundChronic lesion activity driven by smoldering inflammation is a pathological hallmark of progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS).
objectiveTo develop a method for automatic detection of slowly expanding/evolving lesions (SELs) on conventional brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and characterize such SELs in primary progressive MS (PPMS) and relapsing MS (RMS) populations.
methodsWe defined SELs as contiguous regions of existing T2 lesions showing local expansion assessed by the Jacobian determinant of the deformation between reference and follow-up scans. SEL candidates were assigned a heuristic score based on concentricity and constancy of change in T2- and T1-weighted MRIs. SELs were examined in 1334 RMS patients and 555 PPMS patients.
resultsCompared with RMS patients, PPMS patients had higher numbers of SELs (
conclusionWe suggest that SELs reflect chronic tissue loss in the absence of ongoing acute inflammation. SELs may represent a conventional brain MRI correlate of chronic active MS lesions and a candidate biomarker for smoldering inflammation in MS.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.