ReviewFrontiers in immunology2018
Non-specific Effects of Vaccines Illustrated Through the BCG Example: From Observations to Demonstrations.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04362124 (Performance Evaluation of BCG Vaccination in Healthcare Personnel to Reduce the Severity of SARS-COV-2 Infection in Medellín, Colombia, 2020), which is not on this map. Cited by 62 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Performance Evaluation of BCG Vaccination in Healthcare Personnel to Reduce the Severity of SARS-COV-2 Infection in Medellín, Colombia, 2020
Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Immune mechanisms mediating the heterologous effects of BCG vaccination: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Development and application of the direct mycobacterial growth inhibition assay: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Functional in-vitro evaluation of the non-specific effects of BCG vaccination in a randomised controlled clinical study.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- Bacterial Mucosal Immunotherapy with MV130 Prevents Recurrent Wheezing in Children: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2021Trial
- Neonatal BCG vaccination and child survival in TB-exposed and TB-unexposed children: a prospective cohort study.BMJ open · 2020Trial
- Understanding perceptions towards COVID-19 vaccination and strategies to increase vaccine uptake among Ebola- affected communities in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: a qualitative study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Unleashing the power of the BCG vaccine in modulating viral immunity through heterologous protection: A scoping review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Innate immunity and training to subvert original antigenic sin by the humoral immune response.eLife · 2025Article
- Regulators and Conductors of Immunity: Natural Immune System in Health and Autoimmunity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Immune cell population dynamics following neonatal BCG vaccination and aerosol BCG revaccination in rhesus macaques.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Non-specific protection against severe COVID-19 associated to typhoid fever and DTP vaccination.Heliyon · 2024Article
- BCG as an Innovative Option for HCC Treatment: Repurposing and Mechanistic Insights.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Non-specific effects of inactivated Mycobacterium bovis oral and parenteral treatment in a rabbit scabies model.Veterinary research · 2024Article
- BCG immunization induces CX3CR1Nature immunology · 2024Article
- Exploring HIV Vaccine Progress in the Pre-Clinical and Clinical Setting: From History to Future Prospects.Viruses · 2024Review
- The role of trained immunity in sepsis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Low-doseFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Prevalence of Serum Antibody Titers against Core Vaccine Antigens in Italian Dogs.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- Review
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Epidemiological studies regarding many successful vaccines suggest that vaccination may lead to a reduction in child mortality and morbidity worldwide, on a grander scale than is attributable to protection against the specific target diseases of these vaccines. These non-specific effects (NSEs) of the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, for instance, implicate adaptive and innate immune mechanisms, with recent evidence suggesting that trained immunity might be a key instrument at play. Collectively referring to the memory-like characteristics of innate immune cells, trained immunity stems from epigenetic reprogramming that these innate immune cells undergo following exposure to a primary stimulus like BCG. The epigenetic changes subsequently regulate cytokine production and cell metabolism and in turn, epigenetic changes are regulated by these effects. Novel -omics technologies, combined with
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.