ReviewNutrients2018
Water Intake, Water Balance, and the Elusive Daily Water Requirement.
Review in Nutrients, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 93 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
93 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 228 citations in OpenAlex.
- Natural Mineral Water and Diuresis: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- Effects of the Amount and Frequency of Fluid Intake on Cognitive Performance and Mood among Young Adults in Baoding, Hebei, China: A Randomized Controlled Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Trial
- Urinary markers of hydration during 3-day water restriction and graded rehydration.European journal of nutrition · 2020Trial
- Water Consumption during a School Day and Children's Short-Term Cognitive Performance: The CogniDROP Randomized Intervention Trial.Nutrients · 2020Trial
- Age-Specific Monte Carlo Simulation-Based Microbial Risk Assessment of Drinking Water Contamination in Islamabad: Integrating Hydrochemical Analysis.Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis · 2026Article
- Skeletal Muscle Mass Is Independently Associated With Water Turnover in Male Athletes.Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 2026Article
- Water and Energy Turnover in Chinese Young Adults: A Doubly Labeled Water Study of Metabolic Coupling.Nutrients · 2026Observational
- Clinical validation of the nursing diagnosis of inadequate nutritional intake in children with cancer.International journal of nursing knowledge · 2026Article
- Effect of adequate daily water intake versus inadequate water intake on the risk of major chronic diseases in healthy adults: a systematic review protocol.Systematic reviews · 2026Article
- Assessment of the MX3 hydration testing system in adults at rest and following exercise in the heat.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Diet format, protein, amino acids, salt, and osmolytes, as well as water viscosity, affect water consumption in domestic cats: a scoping review of 32 publications (published from 1975 to 2025) on water intake, hydration status, and related health outcomes.Journal of animal science · 2026Article
- Reduced dietary intake induces body fluid hypotonicity via alterations in water and energy metabolism.The Journal of physiology · 2025Article
- Relationships of Upper respiratory tract infections and holistic diets and lifestyles in Northeast China.BMC nutrition · 2025Article
- The Hygienic Significance of Microbiota and Probiotics for Human Wellbeing.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2025Review
- The Role of Hydration in Children and Adolescents-A Theoretical Framework for Reviewing Recommendations, Models, and Empirical Studies.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Human health risk assessment of nitrate in repeatedly boiled water using Univariate regression and Monte Carlo simulation.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Review
- A Comparative Analysis of Hydration Status Among Urban and Rural Adults in Selangor, Malaysia.Cureus · 2025Article
- Self-assembled nanoplatform-mediated co-delivery of brusatol to sensitize sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment.RSC advances · 2025Article
33 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Water is essential for metabolism, substrate transport across membranes, cellular homeostasis, temperature regulation, and circulatory function. Although nutritional and physiological research teams and professional organizations have described the daily total water intakes (TWI, L/24h) and Adequate Intakes (AI) of children, women, and men, there is no widespread consensus regarding the human water requirements of different demographic groups. These requirements remain undefined because of the dynamic complexity inherent in the human water regulatory network, which involves the central nervous system and several organ systems, as well as large inter-individual differences. The present review analyzes published evidence that is relevant to these issues and presents a novel approach to assessing the daily water requirements of individuals in all sex and life-stage groups, as an alternative to AI values based on survey data. This empirical method focuses on the intensity of a specific neuroendocrine response (e.g., plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentration) employed by the brain to regulate total body water volume and concentration. We consider this autonomically-controlled neuroendocrine response to be an inherent hydration biomarker and one means by which the brain maintains good health and optimal function. We also propose that this individualized method defines the elusive state of euhydration (i.e., water balance) and distinguishes it from hypohydration. Using plasma AVP concentration to analyze multiple published data sets that included both men and women, we determined that a mild neuroendocrine defense of body water commences when TWI is ˂1.8 L/24h, that 19⁻71% of adults in various countries consume less than this TWI each day, and consuming less than the 24-h water AI may influence the risk of dysfunctional metabolism and chronic diseases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.