ArticlePloS one2018
Prevalence and risk factors of preconception anemia: A community based cross sectional study of rural women of reproductive age in northeastern Tanzania.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02191683 (Foetal Exposure and Epidemiological Transition), which is not on this map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Foetal Exposure and Epidemiological Transition: the Role of Anaemia in Early Life for Non-communicable Diseases in Later Life
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Preconception health risks among women of reproductive age in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of implications for preconception care.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence and Determinants of Anemia Among Women of Reproductive Age and Children Under Five in Tajikistan.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Preconception health risk profiles among women planning pregnancy in northern Ethiopia: a latent class analysis.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Pre-conceptional anemia and iron deficiency in South Indian women: A community-based cross-sectional study.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Geophagia in pregnancy and its association with nutritional status - A prospective cohort study in rural north-eastern Tanzania.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2025Article
- Effect of Preconception Care on Anemia and Body Mass Index among Women in a Rural and Tribal Area, Nashik District, India.Women's health reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Anemia in Pregnancy: Study Phenomenology.Portuguese journal of public health · 2024Article
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- Anemia Among Women Using Family Planning at Public Health Facilities in Ambo Town, Central Ethiopia: Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of blood medicine · 2023Article
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- Article
- The Reproducibility and Relative Validity of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Identifying Iron-Related Dietary Patterns in Pregnant Women.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Factors associated with the use of deworming drugs during pregnancy in Tanzania; an analysis from the 2015-16 Tanzanian HIV and malaria indicators survey.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Article
- Article
- Decision-making autonomy of women and other factors of anemia among married women in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis of a countrywide survey.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Anemia among Women Who Visit Bost Hospital for Delivery in Helmand Province, Afghanistan.Anemia · 2021Article
- Burden of preconception morbidity in women of reproductive age from an urban setting in North India.PloS one · 2020Article
- Consumption of Dark Green Leafy Vegetables Predicts Vitamin A and Iron Intake and Status among Female Small-Scale Farmers in Tanzania.Nutrients · 2019Article
- Determining factors for the prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age in Nepal: Evidence from recent national survey data.PloS one · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAnemia is a major public health problem that adversely affects pregnancy outcomes. The prevalence of anemia among pregnant women before conception is not well known in Tanzania. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, types, and risk factors of preconception anemia in women of reproductive age from a rural Tanzanian setting.
methodsTrained field workers visited households to identify all female residents aged 18-40 years and invited them to the nearby health facility for screening and enrolment into this study. Baseline samples were collected to measure hemoglobin levels, serum ferritin, vitamin B12, folate, C-reactive protein, alanine amino-transferase, the presence of malaria, HIV, and soil transmitted helminth infections. Anthropometric and socio-economic data were recorded alongside with clinical information of participants. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for the factors associated with preconception anemia.
findingsOf 1248 women enrolled before conception, 36.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 34.1-39.4) had anemia (hemoglobin <12 g/dL) and 37.6% (95% CI 34.9-40.4) had iron deficiency. For more than half of the anemic cases, iron deficiency was also diagnosed (58.8%, 95% CI 54.2-63.3). Anemia was independently associated with increased age (AOR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03-1.07), malaria infection at enrolment (AOR 2.21, 95% CI 1.37-3.58), inflammation (AOR 1.77, 95% CI 1.21-2.60) and iron deficiency (AOR 4.68, 95% CI 3.55-6.17). The odds of anemia were reduced among women with increased mid-upper arm circumference (AOR 0.90, 95% CI 0.84-0.96).
conclusionAnemia among women of reproductive age before conception was prevalent in this rural setting. Increased age, iron deficiency, malaria infection and inflammation were significant risk factors associated with preconception anemia, whereas increased mid-upper arm circumference was protective against anemia. Interventions to ensure adequate iron levels as well as malaria control before conception are needed to prevent anemia before and during pregnancy and improve birth outcomes in this setting.
trial registrationNCT02191683.
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