ArticleDie Naturwissenschaften2018
"Pro-bird" floral traits discourage bumblebee visits to Penstemon gentianoides (Plantaginaceae), a mixed-pollinated herb.
Article in Die Naturwissenschaften, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Floral syndromes in Aquilegia (Ranunculaceae) are associated with nectar- but not pollen-collecting pollinators.Annals of botany · 2026Article
- Testing the Adaptive Significance of Personate Flowers inEcology and evolution · 2026Article
- Elevational and Seasonal Patterns of Plant-Hummingbird Interactions in a High Tropical Mountain.Ecology and evolution · 2024Article
- An elevational gradient in floral traits and pollinator assemblages in the Neotropical speciesEcology and evolution · 2023Article
- Visibility and attractiveness of Fritillaria (Liliaceae) flowers to potential pollinators.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- A lever action hypothesis for pendulous hummingbird flowers: experimental evidence from a columbine.Annals of botany · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The pollination syndrome concept implies that flowers evolved with particular sets of characteristics, such as colors, shapes, orientations, and rewards, as a means of attracting pollinators. However, these traits may have also evolved to deter unwanted visitors. The North American genus Penstemon exhibits a great floral diversity that is mainly associated with bumblebee and hummingbird pollination. Evolutionary shifts from insect pollination to hummingbird pollination have occurred in Penstemon repeatedly, but some species maintain mixed-pollination systems and intermediate floral traits between bee- and hummingbird-pollination modes. The apparently intermediate floral traits of species with mixed-pollination systems might be potentially acting to deter bumblebee foragers. Then, bird-flower traits might be selected with increased hummingbird visitation over evolutionary time might, resulting in specialization to and the evolution of floral traits present in hummingbird-pollinated species. Here, we modified bee-pollination floral traits in Penstemon gentianoides with a mixed pollination system, to resemble hummingbird-pollination traits, and measured the effects of trait modification on bumblebee foraging behavior and plant female reproductive fitness. Our results showed that reduction in the width of the corolla tube and the absence of the corolla lip negatively affects bumblebee visitation and their efficiency as pollinators, and that the synergistic interaction of both traits enhanced the "anti-bee" effect. We conclude that acquisition of floral traits that resemble those of hummingbird-pollination enables Penstemon plant species to deter bumblebee visits.
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