ReviewProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2018
Impact of existing vaccines in reducing antibiotic resistance: Primary and secondary effects.
Review in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 117 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
117 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 213 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination on antibiotic use: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2023Pooled it
- Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis.Lancet (London, England) · 2022Pooled it
- Risk factors for antibiotic resistance development in healthcare settings in China: a systematic review.Epidemiology and infection · 2021Pooled it
- Effect of vaccination on the use of antimicrobial agents: a systematic literature review.Annals of medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Immunotherapeutic modalities for combating multidrug-resistant bacteria: therapeutic promises of antibodies and next-generation vaccines.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Review
- Vaccines as Global Health Security Infrastructure: Insights from a Descriptive Analysis of Vaccines Europe Members' Clinical Pipelines.Vaccines · 2026Review
- [Use of vaccines to prevent the development of bacterial resistance].Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz · 2026Review
- Genomic characterization of invasive disease-causingMicrobial genomics · 2026Article
- Charting new territory: outpatient stewardship in immunocompromised patients (first of a two-part series).Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2026Review
- Measuring vaccine effects on antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance in low and middle-income countries: A scoping review of methodological approaches, data sources, metrics, and limitations.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Conceptual Methodological Framework for Incorporating Antimicrobial Resistance Considerations in Economic Models for Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2025Article
- Similarities in the consumption trajectory of antibacterial drugs in the outpatient care sector in Germany from 1986 to 2022: identification of shared patterns, correlation analysis of prescribed defined daily dose and assessment of underlying influences.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- Large-scale global molecular epidemiology of antibiotic resistance determinants inMicrobial genomics · 2025Article
- Harnessing immunopeptidomics for next-generation vaccines against intracellular bacterial pathogens.Molecular biology reports · 2025Review
- Did the periodic intensification of routine immunisation strategy (Intensified mission Indradhanush) reduce the demand for pediatric antibiotic formulations in India?BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Mapping the role of vaccines in combating AMR in the WHO African region: a scoping review and implications for research and policy.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Review
57 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vaccines impact antibiotic-resistant infections in two ways: through a direct reduction in the organisms and strains carrying resistant genes that are specifically targeted by the vaccine and also via a secondary effect through a reduction in febrile illnesses that often lead to the use of antibiotics. We review here the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) on the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant disease and antibiotic usage as an example of the direct effect of vaccines on antibiotic resistance and the impact of influenza vaccination on antibiotic usage as an example of a secondary effect. A prelicensure study of a PCV in Africa demonstrated 67% fewer penicillin-resistant invasive disease episodes in the PCV group compared with controls. Similar studies in the United States and Europe demonstrated reductions in antibiotic use consistent with the vaccines' impact on the risk of otitis media infections in children. Postlicensure reductions in the circulation of antibiotic-resistant strains targeted by the vaccines have been dramatic, with virtual elimination of these strains in children following vaccine introduction. In terms of a secondary effect, following influenza vaccination reductions of 13-50% have been observed in the use of antibiotics by individuals receiving influenza vaccine compared with controls. With the demonstrated effectiveness of vaccination programs in impacting the risk of antibiotic-resistant infections and the increasing threat to public health that these infections represent, more attention needs to be given to development and utilization of vaccines to address antibiotic resistance.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.