SynthesisBMC health services research2018
Cost-of-illness of type 2 diabetes mellitus in low and lower-middle income countries: a systematic review.
Synthesis in BMC health services research, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Continuous glucose monitoring in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of barriers and opportunities for care improvement.International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care · 2025Pooled it
- Health economic evaluation of structured education programs for patients with diabetes: a systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- The costs of interventions for type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular disease in South Africa - a systematic literature review.BMC public health · 2022Pooled it
- Costs and its drivers for diabetes mellitus type 2 patients in France and Germany: a systematic review of economic studies.BMC health services research · 2020Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of the Economic Burden of Type 2 Diabetes in Malaysia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Health economic evaluation alongside randomised clinical trial of a health behaviour intervention to manage type 2 diabetes in Nepal.Global health research and policy · 2024Trial
- Observational
- Exploring the Socio-Economic Toll of Non-Communicable Diseases in Low-Resource Settings: Novel Evidence From Mozambique.The International journal of health planning and management · 2026Article
- Impact of Simulated Risk Factor Management on Cardiovascular Disease and Costs in Type 2 Diabetes Using the ABC Model.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- National and subnational analysis of self-reported diabetes mellitus and health inequalities in Europe.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Sociodemographic predictors of glycaemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Nigerian population: implications for public health and service delivery.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Economic burden and cost of non-adherence in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of middle- and high-income countries.Health economics review · 2026Review
- Exercise self-management behavioral phenotypes in type 2 diabetes: a multicenter cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- High-Fat Diet-Fed Kcnq1 Mutant Mice Have Reduced Pancreatic β-Cell Mass via Gene-Environment Interaction.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2026Article
- Lifestyle Interventions for Treatment and Remission of Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetes in Adults: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Lifestyle Medicine.American journal of lifestyle medicine · 2025Article
- Review
- Cost of diabetes mellitus and associated factors - an institutional cross-sectional study in Ghana.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Correlation between diabetes mellitus and refracture risk in patients with osteoporotic fractures: a retrospective cohort study.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2025Article
- Practices and Insights for Diabetes Mellitus Testing in Sri Lanka, Singapore and the Philippines.EJIFCC · 2025Article
- Barriers and facilitators of primary care management of type II diabetes mellitus in the West African sub-region: A scoping review.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDiabetes is one of the world's most prevalent and serious non-communicable diseases (NCDs). It is a leading cause of death, disability and financial loss; moreover, it is identified as a major threat to global development. The chronic nature of diabetes and its related complications make it a costly disease. Estimating the total cost of an illness is a useful aid to national and international health policy decision making. The aim of this systematic review is to summarise the impact of the cost-of-illness of type 2 diabetes mellitus in low and lower-middle income countries, and to identify methodological gaps in measuring the cost-of-illness of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
methodsThis systematic review considers studies that reported the cost-of-illness of type 2 diabetes in subjects aged 18 years and above in low and lower-middle income countries. The search engines MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PSYCINFO and COCHRANE were used form date of their inception to September 2018. Two authors independently identified the eligible studies. Costs reported in the included studies were converted to US dollars in relation to the dates mentioned in the studies.
resultsThe systematic search identified eight eligible studies conducted in low and lower-middle income countries. There was a considerable variation in the costs and method used in these studies. The annual average cost (both direct and indirect) per person for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus ranged from USD29.91 to USD237.38, direct costs ranged from USD106.53 to USD293.79, and indirect costs ranged from USD1.92 to USD73.4 per person per year. Hospitalization cost was the major contributor of direct costs followed by drug costs.
conclusionType 2 diabetes mellitus imposes a considerable economic burden which most directly affects the patients in low and lower-middle income countries. There is enormous scope for adding research-based evidence that is methodologically sound to gain a more accurate estimation of cost and to facilitate comparison between studies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.