ArticleEuropean archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery2019
Updated Sniffin' Sticks normative data based on an extended sample of 9139 subjects.
Article in European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05461365 (Intranasal Insulin for COVID-19-related Smell Loss), which is not on this map. Cited by 355 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Intranasal Insulin for COVID-19-related Smell Loss
Who cites it
355 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effect of Olfactory Training in COVID-19 Related Olfactory Dysfunction-A Placebo-Controlled Trial.The Laryngoscope · 2025Trial
- Chemosensory and cardiometabolic improvements after a fasting-mimicking diet: A randomized cross-over clinical trial.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Trial
- Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin for Postinfectious Olfactory Disorders: How Clinically Meaningful Is Its Effect?ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties · 2024Trial
- Intra Nasal Use of Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid for Improving Olfactory Dysfunction Post COVID-19.American journal of rhinology & allergy · 2023Trial
- Treatment of COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction with olfactory training, palmitoylethanolamide with luteolin, or combined therapy: a blinded controlled multicenter randomized trial.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2023Trial
- Retronasal Olfactory Function After Olfactory Training: A Prospective Single-Arm Study.Clinical otolaryngology : official journal of ENT-UK ; official journal of Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology & Cervico-Facial Surgery · 2026Article
- Green light exposure reduces central sensitization in cats with osteoarthritis-associated somatosensory impairment.iScience · 2026Article
- Age-related changes in olfactory function: electrophysiological recordings from the olfactory mucosa and human brain.npj aging · 2026Article
- A new framework for the labeling of odors in the Sniffin' Sticks odor identification test: relevance of familiarity and test-retest assessment.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Article
- Recovery of Parosmia Preferentially Influences Longitudinal Improvement of Quality of Life in C19OD.International forum of allergy & rhinology · 2026Article
- Blood biomarkers for the prediction of idiopathic taste dysfunction: a case-control study.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Article
- Combined Interhemispheric and Endoscopic Endonasal Resection of a Rare Olfactory Schwannoma with Preservation of Olfactory Function.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2026Article
- Article
- Canine "Sniffin' Sticks" enable behavioural olfactometry to complement neurological examination in dogs.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Isolated Fractures of the Nose Are Associated with Olfactory Impairment.ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties · 2026Article
- Enhanced detection of respiratory pathogens in olfactory swabs correlates with olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Article
- The Unmet Need of Olfactory Testing in Inflammatory Disorders of the Upper Airways-An EAACI Position Paper.Allergy · 2026Review
- Food addiction as a mediator in the association between depression and body mass index among young adults in South Korea: a cross-sectional study.Journal of Korean biological nursing science · 2026Article
- Multi-matrix copper exposure is associated with reduced olfactory bulb volume and odor sensitivity in adolescents.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Effect of Long COVID-19: Self-Reported Questionnaires and Objective Olfactory and Gustatory Evaluations.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
295 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo provide up-to-date and detailed normative data based on a large-scale sample, increasing diagnostic validity by reference to narrow age groups as previous normative values were based upon smaller sample sizes-especially in the group of older subjects.
methodData were obtained from 9139 healthy subjects (4928 females aged 5-96 years and 4211 males aged 5-91 years). The standard "Sniffin' Sticks" test was applied, comprising threshold (T), discrimination (D) and identification (I) subtests, and yielding a TDI sum score.
resultsHyposmia was established at a TDI score of less than 30.75. Age-related changes were found in each domain, most pronounced for thresholds. Individuals aged 20-30 years performed best, whereas children below the age of 10 and adults above the age of 71 scored only half as well. Sex-related differences were in favor of women.
conclusionsData provide guidance for assessing individual olfactory performance in relation to specific age groups. Significant gender and age effects were observed, with a most pronounced increase of olfactory test scores between age 5 through 20 years and a dramatic decrease at the age of 60 through 71 years.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.