ArticleAlcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.)2019
Time course of microglia activation and brain and blood cytokine/chemokine levels following chronic ethanol exposure and protracted withdrawal in rats.
Article in Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Context-dependent effects of microglial MyD88 removal on voluntary ethanol consumption in mice.Neuropharmacology · 2026Article
- Not just neurons: glial mechanisms driving sex-specific vulnerability to withdrawal and relapse in substance use disorder.Frontiers in neuroendocrinology · 2026Review
- Early abstinence in severe alcohol use disorder: MCP-1 decline, choroid plexus shrinkage, and region-specific grey-matter volume changes.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Maackiain Reduces Neuroinflammation by Modulating Inflammatory Signals in LPS-InducedJournal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Article
- The gut-brain axis as a therapeutic target in alcohol use disorder: dietary fiber, intestinal barrier integrity, and neuroinflammatory mechanisms underlying depression.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Sex differences in the neuroimmune response following heavy, binge-like alcohol exposure in adolescent rats.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2025Article
- Potential roles for microglia in drug addiction: Adolescent neurodevelopment and beyond.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2025Review
- The link between early-life adversity and later alcohol use disorder: A role for microglia?Neurobiology of stress · 2025Article
- Central amygdala neuroimmune signaling in alcohol use disorder.Addiction neuroscience · 2025Article
- Impact of Neuroimmune System Activation by Adolescent Binge Alcohol Exposure on Adult Neurobiology.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- Two-Month Voluntary Ethanol Consumption Promotes Mild Neuroinflammation in the Cerebellum but Not in the Prefrontal Cortex, Hippocampus, or Striatum of Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Neuroimmune Activation and Microglia Reactivity in Female Rats Following Alcohol Dependence.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Alcohol, HMGB1, and Innate Immune Signaling in the Brain.Alcohol research : current reviews · 2024Review
- Sensitivity of Hypocretin System to Chronic Alcohol Exposure: A Human and Animal Study.Neuroscience · 2023Article
- Irisin attenuates ethanol-induced behavioral deficits in mice through activation of Nrf2 and inhibition of NF-κB pathways.Metabolic brain disease · 2023Article
- Stress- and drug-induced neuroimmune signaling as a therapeutic target for comorbid anxiety and substance use disorders.Pharmacology & therapeutics · 2022Review
- Ethanol withdrawal-induced adaptations in prefrontal corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1-expressing neurons regulate anxiety and conditioned rewarding effects of ethanol.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Article
- Prenatal and adolescent alcohol exposure programs immunity across the lifespan: CNS-mediated regulation.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2022Review
- Repetitive binge-like consumption based on the Drinking-in-the-Dark model alters the microglial population in the mouse hippocampus.Journal of integrative neuroscience · 2021Article
- Primed for addiction: A critical review of the role of microglia in the neurodevelopmental consequences of adolescent alcohol drinking.Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Alcohol produces complex effects on the immune system. Moderate alcohol use (1-2 drinks per day) has been shown to produce anti-inflammatory responses in human blood monocytes, whereas, the post mortem brains of severe alcoholics show increased immune gene expression and activated microglial markers. The present study was conducted to evaluate the time course of alcohol effects during exposure and after withdrawal, and to determine the relationship between microglial and cytokine responses in brain and blood. Forty-eight adult, male Wistar rats were exposed to chronic ethanol vapors, or air control, for 5 weeks. Following ethanol/air exposure blood and brains were collected at three time points: 1) while intoxicated, following 35 days of air/vapor exposure; 2) following 24 h of withdrawal from exposure, and 3) 28 days after withdrawal. One hemisphere of the brain was flash-frozen for cytokine analysis, and the other was fixed for immunohistochemical analysis. The ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) was used to evaluate microglia activation at the three time points, and rat cytokine/chemokine Magnetic Bead Panels (Millipore) were used to analyze frontal cortex tissue lysate and serum. Ethanol induced a significant increase in Iba-1 that peaked at day 35, remained significant after 1 day of withdrawal, and was elevated at day 28 in frontal cortex, amygdala, and substantia nigra. Ethanol exposure was associated with a transient reduction of the serum level of the major pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and a transient increase of effectors of sterile inflammation. Little or no changes in these molecules were seen in the frontal cortex except for HMG1 and fractalkine that were reduced and elevated, respectively, at day 28 following withdrawal. These data show that ethanol exposure produces robust microglial activation; however, measures of inflammation in the blood differ from those in the brain over a protracted time course.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.