SynthesisThe Journal of infectious diseases2019
Comparative Immunogenicity of Enhanced Seasonal Influenza Vaccines in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Synthesis in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05157425 (Efficacy and Safety of a Multistrain Probiotic Formula to Boost the Immune Response to Influenza Virus Vaccination), which is not on this map. Cited by 47 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Efficacy and Safety of a Multistrain Probiotic Formula to Boost the Immune Response to Influenza Virus Vaccination
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Protection against influenza hospitalizations from enhanced influenza vaccines among older adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2024Pooled it
- [High-dose trivalent influenza vaccine: safety and immunogenicity].Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia · 2021Pooled it
- Comparison of the immunogenicity of adjuvanted and conventional egg-based quadrivalent influenza vaccines among healthcare personnel in Lima, Peru: A randomized controlled trial.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2026Trial
- Enhanced Influenza Vaccines Extend A(H3N2) Antibody Reactivity in Older Adults but Prior Vaccination Effects Persist.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Trial
- Randomised immunogenicity trial comparing 2019-2020 recombinant and egg-based influenza vaccines among frequently vaccinated healthcare personnel in Israel.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2024Trial
- Influenza A(H3N2) Antibody Responses to Standard-Dose Versus Enhanced Influenza Vaccine Immunogenicity in Older Adults and Prior Season's Vaccine Status.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent influenza vaccine in adults aged 60 years or above: a phase III randomized controlled clinical study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Trial
- Comparative Immunogenicity of Several Enhanced Influenza Vaccine Options for Older Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Trial
- Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of influenza vaccination with a high-density microarray patch: Results from a randomized, controlled phase I clinical trial.PLoS medicine · 2020Trial
- Update on Influenza.The American journal of the medical sciences · 2026Review
- Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of the High-Dose Trivalent Influenza Vaccine in the Elderly Population in Italy.ClinicoEconomics and outcomes research : CEOR · 2026Article
- mRNA-based seasonal influenza vaccines: an overview of immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Age-related changes in the immune system and challenges for the development of age-specific vaccines.Annals of medicine · 2025Review
- Interim Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza and Hospitalization, Republic of Korea, 2024-2025 (HIMM Network).Vaccines · 2025Article
- The Potential for Twice-Annual Influenza Vaccination to Reduce Disease Burden.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Article
- Early and Late Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in South Korea During the 2023-2024 Season.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Enhancing vaccine effectiveness in the elderly to counter antibiotic resistance: The potential of adjuvants via pattern recognition receptors.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
- Multi-strain modeling of influenza vaccine effectiveness in older adults and its dependence on antigenic distance.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Review
- Intranasal Delivery ofVaccines · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundA number of enhanced influenza vaccines have been developed for use in older adults, including high-dose, MF59-adjuvanted, and intradermal vaccines.
methodsWe conducted a systematic review examining the improvements in antibody responses measured by the hemagglutination inhibition assay associated with these enhanced vaccines, compared with each other and with the standard-dose (SD) vaccine using random effects models.
resultsThirty-nine trials were included. Compared with adults aged ≥60 years receiving SD vaccines, those receiving enhanced vaccines had significantly higher postvaccination titers (for all vaccine strains) and higher proportions with elevated titers ≥40 (for most vaccine strains). High-dose vaccine elicited 82% higher postvaccination titer to A(H3N2) compared with SD vaccine; this was significantly higher than the 52% estimated for MF59-adjuvanted versus SD vaccines (P = .04), which was higher than the 32% estimated for intradermal versus SD vaccines (P < .01).
conclusionsOverall, by summarizing current evidence, we found that enhanced vaccines had greater antibody responses than the SD vaccine. Indications of differences among enhanced vaccines highlight the fact that further research is needed to compare new vaccine options, especially during seasons with mismatched circulating strains and for immune outcomes other than hemagglutination inhibition titers as well as vaccine efficacy.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.