ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2018
Effects of Reduced Graphene Oxides on Apoptosis and Cell Cycle of Glioblastoma Multiforme.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Toxic or non-toxic: a critical assessment of the contradictory results for selected graphene family materials.Frontiers in toxicology · 2026Review
- Article
- Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide.Beilstein journal of nanotechnology · 2025Article
- Theranostic Applications of 2D Graphene-Based Materials for Solid Tumors Treatment.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Electrostatic polarization fields trigger glioblastoma stem cell differentiation.Nanoscale horizons · 2022Article
- The Anticancer Efficacy of Thiourea-Mediated Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets against Human Colon Cancer Cells (HT-29).Journal of functional biomaterials · 2022Article
- Reduced Graphene Oxide Modulates the FAK-Dependent Signaling Pathway in Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells In Vitro.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- The Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Induces Apoptosis, Autophagy and Cell Cycle Arrest in Breast Cancer Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Continuous flow fabrication of green graphene oxide in aqueous hydrogen peroxide.Nanoscale advances · 2022Article
- The Role of Graphene Oxide Nanocarriers in Treating Gliomas.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Review
- MicroRNA Delivery by Graphene-Based Complexes into Glioblastoma Cells.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Comparison of the Toxicity of Pristine Graphene and Graphene Oxide, Using Four Biological Models.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Reduced Graphene Oxides Modulate the Expression of Cell Receptors and Voltage-Dependent Ion Channel Genes of Glioblastoma Multiforme.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Effect ofPeerJ · 2021Article
- Effect of Graphene Family Materials on Multiple Myeloma and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Cell Lines.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Graphene oxide suppresses the growth and malignancy of glioblastoma stem cell-like spheroids via epigenetic mechanisms.Journal of translational medicine · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Graphene (GN) and its derivatives (rGOs) show anticancer properties in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells in vitro and in tumors in vivo. We compared the anti-tumor effects of rGOs with different oxygen contents with those of GN, and determined the characteristics of rGOs useful in anti-glioblastoma therapy using the U87 glioblastoma line. GN/ExF, rGO/Term, rGO/ATS, and rGO/TUD were structurally analysed via transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, and AFM. Zeta potential, oxygen content, and electrical resistance were determined. We analyzed the viability, metabolic activity, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cell cycle. Caspase- and mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathways were investigated by analyzing gene expression. rGO/TUD induced the greatest decrease in the metabolic activity of U87 cells. rGO/Term induced the highest level of apoptosis compared with that induced by GN/ExF. rGO/ATS induced a greater decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential than GN/ExF. No significant changes were observed in the cytometric study of the cell cycle. The effectiveness of these graphene derivatives was related to the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups and electron clouds. Their cytotoxicity mechanism may involve electron clouds, which are smaller in rGOs, decreasing their cytotoxic effect. Overall, cytotoxic activity involved depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential and the induction of apoptosis in U87 glioblastoma cells.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.