ArticleNano letters2019
Spontaneous Nucleation of Stable Perfluorocarbon Emulsions for Ultrasound Contrast Agents.
Article in Nano letters, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Janus porphyrin-stabilized phase-transition theranostics for multimodal imaging-guided synergistic cancer therapy.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Phase change nanodroplets: Challenges and clinical potential.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- A Comprehensive Review: Versatile Imaging Probe Based on Chemical Materials for Biomedical Applications.Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2025Review
- Polydopamine Nanobowl-Armoured Perfluorocarbon Emulsions: Tracking Thermal- and Photothermal-Induced Phase Change through Neutron Scattering.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Article
- A Preliminary Investigation of Radiation-Sensitive Ultrasound Contrast Agents for Photon Dosimetry.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Programmable ultrasound imaging guided theranostic nanodroplet destruction for precision therapy of breast cancer.Ultrasonics sonochemistry · 2024Article
- Ultrasound Activated Nanobowls with Deep Penetration for Enhancing Sonodynamic Therapy of Orthotopic Liver Cancer.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- A drug-selectable acoustic reporter gene system for human cell ultrasound imaging.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2024Article
- Sonosensitive Cavitation Nuclei-A Customisable Platform Technology for Enhanced Therapeutic Delivery.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Modeling Gasotransmitter Availability to Brain Capillary Endothelial Cells with Ultrasound-sensitive Microbubbles.Pharmaceutical research · 2023Article
- Perfluorocarbon nanodroplet size, acoustic vaporization, and inertial cavitation affected by lipid shell composition in vitro.The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · 2022Article
- Polyvinyl Alcohol Cryogels for Acoustic Characterization of Phase-Change Contrast Agents.Ultrasound in medicine & biology · 2022Article
- Remote Loading of Gas Bubbles into Polylactic Acid Microcapsules Creates Acoustically Active Janus Particles.ACS applied polymer materials · 2022Article
- Optical sensor arrays designed for guided manufacture of perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions with a non-synthetic stabilizer.Acta biomaterialia · 2021Article
- Production of Membrane-Filtered Phase-Shift Decafluorobutane Nanodroplets from Preformed Microbubbles.Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE · 2021Article
- Spatially localized sono-photoacoutic activation of phase-change contrast agents.Photoacoustics · 2020Article
- Fluorous Soluble Cyanine Dyes for Visualizing Perfluorocarbons in Living Systems.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2020Article
- Lipid Shell Retention and Selective Binding Capability Following Repeated Transient Acoustic Microdroplet Vaporization.Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids · 2020Article
- Acoustic Droplet Vaporization in Acoustically Responsive Scaffolds: Effects of Frequency of Excitation, Volume Fraction and Threshold Determination Method.Ultrasound in medicine & biology · 2019Article
- Tuning the ultrasonic and photoacoustic response of polydopamine-stabilized perfluorocarbon contrast agents.Journal of materials chemistry. B · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Phase-change contrast agents are rapidly developing as an alternative to microbubbles for ultrasound imaging and therapy. These agents are synthesized and delivered as liquid droplets and vaporized locally to produce image contrast. They can be used like conventional microbubbles but with the added benefit of reduced size and improved stability. Droplet-based agents can be synthesized with diameters on the order of 100 nm, making them an ideal candidate for extravascular imaging or therapy. However, their synthesis requires low boiling point perfluorocarbons (PFCs) to achieve activation (i.e., vaporization) thresholds within FDA approved limits. Minimizing spontaneous vaporization while producing liquid droplets using conventional methods with low boiling point PFCs can be challenging. In this study, a new method to produce PFC nanodroplets using spontaneous nucleation is demonstrated using PFCs with boiling points ranging from -37 to 56 °C. Sometimes referred to as the ouzo method, the process relies on saturating a cosolvent with the PFC before adding a poor solvent to reduce solvent quality, forcing droplets to spontaneously nucleate. This approach can produce droplets ranging from under 100 nm to over 1 μm in diameter. Ternary plots showing solvent and PFC concentrations leading to droplet nucleation are presented. Additionally, acoustic activation thresholds and size distributions with varying PFC and solvent conditions are measured and discussed. Finally, ultrasound contrast imaging is demonstrated using ouzo droplets in an animal model.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.