ArticleJournal of neurodevelopmental disorders2018
ADHD-related sex differences in fronto-subcortical intrinsic functional connectivity and associations with delay discounting.
Article in Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging meta-analysis of differences in brain activity between children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using activation likelihood estimation.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Imaging Studies in the Combined and Inattentive Subtypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.Frontiers in integrative neuroscience · 2020Pooled it
- Problematic Social Media Use and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Adolescents.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Aberrant fronto-limbic network in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a multimodal MRI study using parallel ICA.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Childhood white matter morphology and longitudinal change in symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Developmental medicine and child neurology · 2026Article
- Childhood white matter organization predicts adolescent internalizing problems among youth with and without ADHD.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2026Article
- ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Practical tools for female-specific ADHD: The impact of hormonal fluctuations in clinical practice and from the literature.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Review
- Sex differences in brain-behavior relationships in the first 2 years of life.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2025Article
- Research progress of tDCS in the treatment of ADHD.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2025Review
- Sex differences in reward network activation are linked to problematic substance use among high-risk adolescents.Advances in drug and alcohol research · 2025Article
- Aberrant amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation and functional connectivity in children with different subtypes of ADHD: a resting-state fNIRS study.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Sex Differences in Hierarchical and Modular Organization of Functional Brain Networks: Insights from Hierarchical Entropy and Modularity Analysis.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Electroencephalogram-Based ConvMixer Architecture for Recognizing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children.Brain sciences · 2024Article
- Using Hot and Cool Measures to Phenotype and Predict Functional Outcomes Across Dimensions of ADHD and Typical Development in Adolescents.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2024Article
- Spontaneous neural activity in the three principal networks underlying delay discounting: a resting-state fMRI study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- ADHD-related sex differences in frontal lobe white matter microstructure and associations with response control under conditions of varying cognitive load and motivational contingencies.Brain imaging and behavior · 2023Article
- Corticostriatal connectivity mediates the reciprocal relationship between parent-reported sleep duration and impulsivity in early adolescents.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2023Article
- Morphological abnormalities in youth with bipolar disorder and their relationship to clinical characteristics.Journal of affective disorders · 2023Article
- Sex differences in atypical fronto-subcortical structural connectivity among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Associations with delay discounting.Behavioural brain research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with atypical fronto-subcortical neural circuitry and heightened delay discounting, or a stronger preference for smaller, immediate rewards over larger, delayed rewards. Recent evidence of ADHD-related sex differences in brain structure and function suggests anomalies in fronto-subcortical circuitry may differ among girls and boys with ADHD. The current study examined whether the functional connectivity (FC) within fronto-subcortical neural circuitry differs among girls and boys with ADHD compared to same-sex typically developing (TD) controls and relates to delay discounting.
methodsParticipants include 8-12-year-old children with ADHD (n = 72, 20 girls) and TD controls (n = 75, 21 girls). Fronto-subcortical regions of interest were functionally defined by applying independent component analysis to resting-state fMRI data. Intrinsic FC between subcortical components, including the striatum and amygdala, and prefrontal components, including ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), was compared across diagnostic groups overall and within sex. Correlations between intrinsic FC of the six fronto-subcortical pairs and delay discounting were also examined.
resultsBoth girls and boys with ADHD show atypical FC between vmPFC and subcortical regions including the striatum (stronger positive FC in ADHD) and amygdala (weaker negative FC in ADHD), with the greatest diagnostic effects among girls. In addition, girls with ADHD show atypical intrinsic FC between the striatum and dlPFC components, including stronger positive FC with ACC and stronger negative FC with dlPFC. Further, girls but not boys, with ADHD, show heightened real-time delay discounting. Brain-behavior correlations suggest (1) stronger negative FC between the striatal and dlPFC components correlated with greater money delay discounting across all participants and (2) stronger FC between the amygdala with both the dlPFC and ACC components was differentially related to heightened real-time discounting among girls and boys with and without ADHD.
conclusionsOur findings suggest fronto-subcortical functional networks are affected in children with ADHD, particularly girls, and relate to delay discounting. These results also provide preliminary evidence of greater disruptions in fronto-subcortical FC among girls with ADHD that is not due to elevated inattention symptom severity, intellectual reasoning ability, age, or head motion.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.