ArticleCerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)2019
Roles of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate in Subjective Valuation of Prospective Effort.
Article in Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed.
- Using functional connectivity changes associated with cognitive fatigue to delineate a fatigue network.Scientific reports · 2020Trial
- Fatigue Symptoms Influence Effort-Based Decision-Making in Major Depressive Disorder.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Increased exertion variability is linked to disruptions in effort assessment in multiple sclerosis.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2026Article
- The cognitive and motor determinants of the perception of effort.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2026Article
- Shared and distinct features of common effort-based decision-making paradigms and their relation to brain structure and neuropsychiatric conditions: An integrated narrative review.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2026Review
- An 8-week jump training did not boost effort value or the willingness to exert effort in a student sample.PloS one · 2026Article
- Self-Organizing Recruitment of Compensatory Cortical Areas Post-Stroke Can Maximize Residual Motor Performance.IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · 2026Article
- Fatigue Symptoms Influence Effort-Based Decision-Making in Major Depressive Disorder.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Frontal Disorders and Consciousness: A Review.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2025Review
- A behavioural and neurobiological assessment of effort-based decision-making in cannabis use disorder: An initial/preliminary investigation.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2025Article
- Fronto-motor circuits linked to effort-based decision-making and apathy in healthy subjects.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Active information sampling in health and disease.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2025Review
- The Neurobiology of Cognitive Fatigue and Its Influence on Effort-Based Choice.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Article
- Increased Sensitivity to Effort and Perception of Effort in People with Schizophrenia.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Article
- The role of vmPFC in accessing the temporality of life events for mental time travel.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Impulse Control Disorders and Effort-Based Decision-Making in Parkinson's Disease Patients with Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2025Article
- Representation of Anticipated Rewards and Punishments in the Human Brain.Annual review of psychology · 2025Review
- Neural mechanisms underlying the effects of cognitive fatigue on physical effort-based choice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) levels in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex are negatively associated with food motivation in a pediatric sample.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Neurobiological foundations and clinical relevance of effort-based decision-making.Brain imaging and behavior · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The perceived effort level of an action shapes everyday decisions. Despite the importance of these perceptions for decision-making, the behavioral and neural representations of the subjective cost of effort are not well understood. While a number of studies have implicated anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in decisions about effort/reward trade-offs, none have experimentally isolated effort valuation from reward and choice difficulty, a function that is commonly ascribed to this region. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to monitor brain activity while human participants engaged in uncertain choices for prospective physical effort. Our task was designed to examine effort-based decision-making in the absence of reward and separated from choice difficulty-allowing us to investigate the brain's role in effort valuation, independent of these other factors. Participants exhibited subjectivity in their decision-making, displaying increased sensitivity to changes in subjective effort as objective effort levels increased. Analysis of blood-oxygenation-level dependent activity revealed that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) encoded the subjective valuation of prospective effort, and ACC activity was best described by choice difficulty. These results provide insight into the processes responsible for decision-making regarding effort, partly dissociating the roles of vmPFC and ACC in prospective valuation of effort and choice difficulty.
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