ReviewPain research & management2018
The Contribution of Endogenous Modulatory Systems to TMS- and tDCS-Induced Analgesia: Evidence from PET Studies.
Review in Pain research & management, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effect of different transcranial magnetic stimulation protocols on pain scores in patients with neuropathic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- The efficacy and mechanisms of low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation on pain: a systematic review of human and animal studies.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Pooled it
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy for central post-stroke pain: systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation for Opioid Use Disorder.Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society · 2020Pooled it
- Noninvasive brain stimulation combined with exercise in chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Expert review of neurotherapeutics · 2020Pooled it
- Trial
- Independent effects of transcranial direct current stimulation and social influence on pain.Pain · 2025Trial
- Exploring HD-tDCS Effect on μ-opioid Receptor and Pain Sensitivity in Temporomandibular Disorder: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial Study.The journal of pain · 2024Trial
- Modulation of central pain mechanisms using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation: A double-blind, sham-controlled study.European journal of pain (London, England) · 2023Trial
- The physiological effects of noninvasive brain stimulation fundamentally differ across the human cortex.Science advances · 2020Trial
- Investigating genetic overlap of multidimensional pain and suicidal behaviors in >2 million individuals.Research square · 2026Article
- Unravelling the genetic and molecular basis of low-frequency rTMS induced changes in functional connectivity density in schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Live Effects of Anodal and Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Brain Metabolism in a Patient with Typical Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Case Study.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- The efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: a randomized double-blind clinical trial.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Mechanisms of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for pain in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2024Review
- Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Attenuates the Chronic Pain of Osteoarthritis in Rats via Reducing NMDAR2B Expressions in the Spinal Cord.Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions · 2023Article
- Multimodal non-invasive non-pharmacological therapies for chronic pain: mechanisms and progress.BMC medicine · 2023Review
- Effect of High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Headache Severity and Central µ-Opioid Receptor Availability in Episodic Migraine.Journal of pain research · 2023Article
- Article
- Individual Traits and Pain Treatment: The Case of Hypnotizability.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chronic pain is an important public health issue. Moreover, its adequate management is still considered a major clinical problem, mainly due to its incredible complexity and still poorly understood pathophysiology. Recent scientific evidence coming from neuroimaging research, particularly functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) studies, indicates that chronic pain is associated with structural and functional changes in several brain structures that integrate antinociceptive pathways and endogenous modulatory systems. Furthermore, the last two decades have witnessed a huge increase in the number of studies evaluating the clinical effects of noninvasive neuromodulatory methods, especially transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which have been proved to effectively modulate the cortical excitability, resulting in satisfactory analgesic effects with minimal adverse events. Nevertheless, the precise neuromechanisms whereby such methods provide pain control are still largely unexplored. Recent studies have brought valuable information regarding the recruitment of different modulatory systems and related neurotransmitters, including glutamate, dopamine, and endogenous opioids. However, the specific neurocircuits involved in the analgesia produced by those therapies have not been fully elucidated. This review focuses on the current literature correlating the clinical effects of noninvasive methods of brain stimulation to the changes in the activity of endogenous modulatory systems.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.