ArticleMolecular psychiatry2021
External validation of a bifactor model of oppositional defiant disorder.
Article in Molecular psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Annual Research Review: What processes are dysregulated among emotionally dysregulated youth? - a systematic review.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2025Pooled it
- Family-Focused Digital Mental Health Care for Pediatric Oppositional Symptoms and Caregiver Outcomes: Retrospective Analysis.JMIR pediatrics and parenting · 2026Article
- Mapping phenotypic and genetic relationships among irritability, depression and ADHD in adolescence using network analysis.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- Understanding the developmental trajectory of behavioral problems and subcortical structure morphometry in healthy children at 6 years old and long-term impact of early nutrition: the COGNIS study.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2026Article
- Understanding the Etiology of Externalizing Problems in Young Children: The Roles of Callous-Unemotional Traits and Irritability.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2025Article
- Irritability in children with RASopathies, insights into emotional dysregulation and social impairment.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2025Article
- The role of self-compassion in mental health among early adulthood with ADHD symptoms: a network psychometric approach.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- You are a Mirror of My Childhood: Pathways Through Family Dyadic Interactions and Gender Preference in the Intergenerational Association of ODD Symptoms.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2025Article
- Trajectories of oppositional defiant disorder severity from adolescence to young adulthood and substance use, mental health, and behavioral problems.Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry = Journal de l'Academie canadienne de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent · 2023Article
- Oppositional defiant disorder.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2023Review
- Latent classes of oppositional defiant disorder in adolescence and prediction to later psychopathology.Development and psychopathology · 2023Article
- Deficits in Parent Knowledge of Behavior Management Skills is Strongly Associated with CD Symptoms but Not ODD Symptoms.Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment · 2023Article
- Co-Occurring Conduct Problems and Anxiety: Implications for the Functioning and Treatment of Youth with Oppositional Defiant Disorder.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Heterotypic and homotypic continuity in psychopathology: a narrative review.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Review
- A broad internalizing dimension accounts for the genetic associations between personality and individual internalizing disorders.Journal of psychopathology and clinical science · 2022Article
- Reciprocal relations between dimensions of Oppositional defiant problems and callous-unemotional traits.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2022Article
- Chronic Irritability in Youth: A Reprise on Challenges and Opportunities Toward Meeting Unmet Clinical Needs.Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America · 2021Review
- Helping Clinicians to Detect ODD in Children with ADHD in Clinical Settings.The Psychiatric quarterly · 2021Article
- Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): II. Externalizing superspectrum.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2021Article
- Is an irritable ADHD profile traceable using personality dimensions? Replicability, stability, and predictive value over time of data-driven profiles.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Dimensions of irritability and defiant behavior, though correlated within the structure of ODD, convey separable developmental risks through adolescence and adulthood. Irritability predicts depression and anxiety, whereas defiant behavior is a precursor to antisocial outcomes. Previously we demonstrated that a bifactor model comprising irritability and defiant behavior dimensions, in addition to a general factor, provided the best-fitting structure of ODD symptoms in five large datasets. Herein we extend our previous work by externally validating the bifactor model of ODD using multiple regression and multivariate behavior genetic analyses. We used parent ratings of DSM IV ODD symptoms, and symptom dimensions for ADHD (i.e., inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity), conduct disorder (CD), depression/dysthymia, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) from 846 6-18-year-old twin pairs. We found that the ODD irritability factor was associated only with depression/dysthymia and GAD and the ODD defiant behavior factor was associated only with inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and CD, whereas the ODD general factor was associated with all five symptom dimensions. Multivariate behavior genetic analyses found all five symptom dimensions shared genetic influences in common with the ODD general, irritability, and defiant behavior factors. In contrast, the defiant behavior factor shared genetic influences uniquely with inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, whereas the irritability factor shared genetic influences uniquely with depression/dysthymia and GAD, but not vice versa. This suggests that genes that influence irritability in early childhood also predispose to depression and anxiety in adolescence and adulthood. These multivariate genetic findings also support the external validity of the three ODD dimensions at the etiological level. Our study provides additional support for subtyping ODD based on these symptom dimensions, as in the revisions in the ICD-11, and suggests potential mechanisms underlying the development from ODD to behavioral or affective disorders.
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