ArticleStroke research and treatment2018
TOAST Subtypes of Ischemic Stroke and Its Risk Factors: A Hospital-Based Study at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Indonesia.
Article in Stroke research and treatment, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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21 citing papers in PubMed, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- The safety and efficacy of anti-thrombotic agents during mechanical thrombectomy procedure for acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of cerebrovascular and endovascular neurosurgery · 2026Article
- Molecular Pathophysiology of Ischemic Stroke and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Based Therapeutic Strategies for Neural Tissue Regeneration: A Pre-clinical and Clinical Perspective.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2026Review
- Associations between ischaemic stroke subtypes and physical functioning in the first year post-stroke: a patient-reported outcome study.Journal of patient-reported outcomes · 2026Article
- Difference of onset rhythm in acute ischemic stroke patients with different TOAST subtypes.PloS one · 2026Article
- Clinical profile of adult stroke patients in Angola: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Risk factors for cerebral artery stenosis in patients with minor ischemic stroke classified as large atherosclerosis.Postepy w kardiologii interwencyjnej = Advances in interventional cardiology · 2025Article
- Analysis of Non-Cardiogenic Young Minor Ischemic Stroke Patients' Risk Factors in Chinese Han Population.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2025Article
- Stroke Epidemiology in Asia.Cerebrovascular diseases extra · 2025Review
- Insights into risk factors and outcomes of post-stroke seizures in Saudi Arabia: a multicenter analysis.Metabolic brain disease · 2024Observational
- Etiologies and Risk Factors of Anterior and Posterior Circulation Strokes: A Comparison Study From South India.Cureus · 2024Article
- Article
- Stroke in Asia.Cerebrovascular diseases extra · 2024Review
- Association between Genetic Polymorphism of The lncRNACell journal · 2023Article
- Characteristic of Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Based on TOAST Classification During COVID-19 Pandemic Era: A Single Centre Study.International journal of general medicine · 2023Article
- Pediatric vs. adult stroke: comparative study in a tertiary referral hospital, Cairo, Egypt.The Egyptian journal of neurology, psychiatry and neurosurgery · 2022Article
- Analysis of Prognostic Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke in China: A Multicentre Retrospective Clinical Study; A National Survey in China.Current neurovascular research · 2022Article
- Stroke Burden and Stroke Services in Indonesia.Cerebrovascular diseases extra · 2022Article
- Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Lacunar Stroke: A Hospital-Based Study.Brain sciences · 2021Article
- Stroke risk factors, subtypes and outcome in elderly Thai patients.BMC neurology · 2021Article
- Characterization of familial hypercholesterolemia in Taiwanese ischemic stroke patients.Aging · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
background and purposeStroke is a leading cause of death and disability, with ischemic stroke as the highest prevalent cases in Indonesia. Ischemic stroke can be classified further into five subtypes according to TOAST classification. Numerous studies have revealed that stroke risk factor has variable correlation with different stroke subtype. Currently, there is no data regarding this phenomenon in Indonesia. The aim of study is to identify characteristic of ischemic stroke subtypes and the risk factors in TOAST classification.
methodsA retrospective, cross-sectional study of patients diagnosed with ischemic stroke at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from January till December 2016. Demographic data, ischemic stroke subtypes, risk factors, and other relevant data were documented. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was done using SPSS 23.
results235 recorded data patients were included. Large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) was the most prevalent stroke subtypes at 59,6%, followed with small vessel disease (SVD) at 26,7%, undetermined etiology at 9,8%, cardioembolism (CE) at 2,1%, and other determined etiology at 0,9%. Hypertension was the most common vascular risk factor. However, it was only significant in SVD (p=0,023) and undetermined etiology subtypes (p<0,001). Significant risk factor in LAA was diabetes (55%; p=0,016) while in CE subtypes was atrial fibrillation (60%;p<0,001). In multivariate analyses, hypertension (OR 3; 95% CI 1,12-8,05) was the only variable that was related to SVD while in CE it was atrial fibrillation (OR 113,5; 95% CI 13,6-946,5).
conclusionLAA was the most common stroke ischemic subtypes. Associated risk factor in LAA was diabetes while in SVD and undetermined etiology subtypes it was hypertension. Atrial fibrillation was associated with cardioembolism.
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