ArticlePeerJ2018
Anti-predator defences of a bombardier beetle: is bombing essential for successful escape from frogs?
Article in PeerJ, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Predator Species and Size on Prey Escape Success Through the Digestive Tract.Ecology and evolution · 2025Article
- Function of Vivid Coloration of Terrestrial Isopods from the Point of View of an Avian Predator.Insects · 2025Article
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- Article
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- Bombardier beetles repel invasive bullfrogs.PeerJ · 2022Article
- Pygidial Glands in Carabidae, an Overview of Morphology and Chemical Secretion.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Beetle bombing always deters praying mantises.PeerJ · 2021Article
- Defense of bombardier beetles against avian predators.Die Naturwissenschaften · 2020Article
- Ocular Injury Caused by the Bombardier Beetle.Case reports in ophthalmologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Some animals, such as the bombardier beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Brachinini), have evolved chemical defences against predators. When attacked, bombardier beetles can discharge noxious chemicals at temperatures of approximately 100 °C from the tip of their abdomens, "bombing" their attackers. Although many studies to date have investigated how bombardier beetles discharge defensive chemicals against predators, relatively little research has examined how predators modify their attacks on bombardier beetles to avoid being bombed. In this study, I observed the black-spotted pond frog
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.