ArticleJornal brasileiro de nefrologia
Resistant and refractory hypertension: two sides of the same disease?
Article in Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Refractory Hypertension: a Narrative Systematic Review with Emphasis on Prognosis.Current hypertension reports · 2022Pooled it
- Article
- Prevalence, Predictors, and Outcomes of Resistant Hypertension in Egyptian Population.Global heart · 2023Article
- Giant Localized Atheroma Mimicking a Coarctation of the Aorta: A Rare Entity to Consider.JACC. Case reports · 2022Article
- Brazilian Guidelines of Hypertension - 2020.Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia · 2021Article
- Refractory hypertension: what do we know so far?Journal of human hypertension · 2021Article
- Resistant hypertension: Prevalence and profile of patients followed in a university ambulatory.SAGE open medicine · 2021Article
- Salt-dependent hypertension and inflammation: targeting the gut-brain axis and the immune system with Brazilian green propolis.Inflammopharmacology · 2020Review
- Biomarker-based Inflammatory Score in Obese Patients with Resistant Hypertension.Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Refractory hypertension (RfH) is an extreme phenotype of resistant hypertension (RH), being considered an uncontrolled blood pressure besides the use of 5 or more antihypertensive medications, including a long-acting thiazide diuretic and a mineralocorticoid antagonist. RH is common, with 10-20% of the general hypertensives, and its associated with renin angiotensin aldosterone system hyperactivity and excess fluid retention. RfH comprises 5-8% of the RH and seems to be influenced by increased sympathetic activity. RH patients are older and more obese than general hypertensives. It is strongly associated with diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, and hyperaldosteronism status. RfH is more frequent in women, younger patients and Afro-americans compared to RFs. Both are associated with increased albuminuria, left ventricular hypertrophy, chronic kidney diseases, stroke, and cardiovascular diseases. The magnitude of the white-coat effect seems to be higher among RH patients. Intensification of diuretic therapy is indicated in RH, while in RfH, therapy failure imposes new treatment alternatives such as the use of sympatholytic therapies. In conclusion, both RH and RfH constitute challenges in clinical practice and should be addressed as distinct clinical entities by trained professionals who are capable to identify comorbidities and provide specific, diversified, and individualized treatment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.