ArticleJournal of health & pollution2018
Environmental Assessment and Blood Lead Levels of Children in Owino Uhuru and Bangladesh Settlements in Kenya.
Article in Journal of health & pollution, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Adapting, piloting, and evaluating a pediatric lead screening and risk-reduction intervention in Nairobi: A hybrid implementation-effectiveness trial protocol.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Factors influencing management of dry cell battery waste: a case of Greater Accra Region in Ghana.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2024Article
- Reducing disease and death from Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) - the urgent need for responsible mining in the context of growing global demand for minerals and metals for climate change mitigation.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2022Article
- Monitoring Lead Concentration in the Surrounding Environmental Components of a Lead Battery Company: Plants, Air and Effluents-Case Study, Kenya.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Assessment of the Presence of Soil Lead Contamination Near a Former Lead Smelter in Mombasa, Kenya.Journal of health & pollution · 2019Article
- Conflicting Conclusions or Competing Methodologies? Documenting Soil Lead Pollution in Owino Uhuru, Kenya.Journal of health & pollution · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLead exposure is linked to intellectual disability and anemia in children. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends biomonitoring of blood lead levels (BLLs) in children with BLL ≥5 μg/dL and chelation therapy for those with BLL ≥45 μg/dL.
objectivesThis study aimed to determine blood and environmental lead levels and risk factors associated with elevated BLL among children from Owino Uhuru and Bangladesh settlements in Mombasa County, Kenya.
methodsThe present study is a population-based, cross-sectional study of children aged 12-59 months randomly selected from households in two neighboring settlements, Owino Uhuru, which has a lead smelter, and Bangladesh settlement (no smelter). Structured questionnaires were administered to parents and 1-3 ml venous blood drawn from each child was tested for lead using a LeadCare
resultsWe enrolled 130 children, 65 from each settlement. Fifty-nine (45%) were males and the median age was 39 months (interquartile range (IQR): 30-52 months). BLLs ranged from 1 μg/dL to 31 μg/dL, with 45 (69%) children from Owino Uhuru and 18 (28%) children from Bangladesh settlement with BLLs >5 μg/dL. For Owino Uhuru, the geometric mean BLL in children was 7.4 μg/dL (geometric standard deviation (GSD); 1.9) compared to 3.7 μg/dL (GSD: 1.9) in Bangladesh settlement (p<0.05). The geometric mean lead concentration of soil samples from Owino Uhuru was 146.5 mg/Kg (GSD: 5.2) and 11.5 mg/Kg (GSD: 3.9) (p<0.001) in Bangladesh settlement. Children who resided <200 m from the lead smelter were more likely to have a BLL ≥5 μg/dL than children residing ≥200 m from the lead smelter (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 33.6 (95% confidence interval (CI): 7.4-153.3). Males were also more likely than females to have a BLL ≥5 μg/dL (39, 62%) compared to a BLL<5 μg/dL [aOR: 2.4 (95% CI: 1.0-5.5)].
conclusionsChildren in Owino Uhuru had significantly higher BLLs compared with children in Bangladesh settlement. Interventions to diminish continued exposure to lead in the settlement should be undertaken. Continued monitoring of levels in children with detectable levels can evaluate whether interventions to reduce exposure are effective. PARTICIPANT CONSENT: Obtained. ETHICS APPROVAL: Scientific approval for the study was obtained from the Ministry of Health, lead poisoning technical working group. Since this investigation was considered a public health response of immediate concern, expedited ethical approval was obtained from the Kenya Medical Research Institute and further approval from the Mombasa County Department of Health Services. The investigation was considered a non-research public health response activity by the CDC. COMPETING INTERESTS: The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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