Trial reportThe Journal of clinical investigation2019
Subdominance and poor intrinsic immunogenicity limit humoral immunity targeting influenza HA stem.
Trial report in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 98 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Counteracting Influenza Virus Evolution Through the Full Spectrum of Broadly Protective Antibodies.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Computational Design and Expression of Headless Influenza Hemagglutinin Antigens Toward a Modular Universal Nanoparticle Vaccine.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Elicitation of stem-directed antibodies in rhesus macaques by a conventional hemagglutinin immunogen.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- A dual-adjuvanted HA stem nanoparticle vaccine elicits a multifunctional antibody response that is associated with protection in newborn monkeys.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- IFN-gene signatures in B cells following influenza A and B virus infection and influenza vaccination.EMBO molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Structural insights into antibody responses against influenza A virus in its natural reservoir.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Tubular Epithelia-Specific Deletion of MCP-1 Does Not Afford Protection Against Adriamycin-Induced Kidney Injury.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Immunodominance is a poor predictor of vaccine-induced T follicular helper cell quality.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Oriented Multivalent Display Drives Consistent Serum Immunodominance to the Ebola Virus Glycoprotein.ACS central science · 2026Article
- An influenza HA mRNA-LNP vaccine induces potent responses in newborn nonhuman primates that enhance protection from challenge.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Detection and Validation of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Specific, Cross-Reactive, and Heteroclitic B Cells Induced by a Combination Vaccine Adjuvant.Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology · 2025Article
- Chimeric hemagglutinin-based universal influenza mRNA vaccine induces protective immunity and bone marrow plasma cells in rhesus macaques.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Article
- Cholera toxin B subunit fusion enhances the immunogenicity of the H5 stem domain against the H5N2 avian influenza virus.Clinical and experimental vaccine research · 2025Article
- Nanobodies: a new frontier in influenza virus neutralization.Folia microbiologica · 2025Review
- Article
- Antibody function predicts viral control in newborn monkeys immunised with an influenza virus HA stem nanoparticle.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Human naïve B cells recognize prepandemic influenza virus hemagglutinins.Science immunology · 2025Article
- Computationally designed stem-epitope mimetics elicit broadly reactive antibodies.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- How Broadly Neutralising Antibodies Are Redefining Immunity to Influenza.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Both natural influenza infection and current seasonal influenza vaccines primarily induce neutralizing antibody responses against highly diverse epitopes within the "head" of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein. There is increasing interest in redirecting immunity toward the more conserved HA stem or stalk as a means of broadening protective antibody responses. Here we examined HA stem-specific B cell and T follicular helper (Tfh) cell responses in the context of influenza infection and immunization in mouse and monkey models. We found that during infection, the stem domain was immunologically subdominant to the head in terms of serum antibody production and antigen-specific B and Tfh cell responses. Similarly, we found that HA stem immunogens were poorly immunogenic compared with the full-length HA with abolished sialic acid binding activity, with limiting Tfh cell elicitation a potential constraint to the induction or boosting of anti-stem immunity by vaccination. Finally, we confirm that currently licensed seasonal influenza vaccines can boost preexisting memory responses against the HA stem in humans. An increased understanding of the immune dynamics surrounding the HA stem is essential to inform the design of next-generation influenza vaccines for broad and durable protection.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.