ReviewFrontiers in psychiatry2018
Evidence of a Causal Relationship Between Smoking Tobacco and Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders.
Review in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nicotine use and psychoticism: A longitudinal co-twin control analysis.Journal of psychopathology and clinical science · 2026Article
- Psychosocial Interventions, Recovery, and Mediating Mechanisms in Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- The Effect of Smoking Cigarettes on the Progression of Psychotic Experiences to Psychotic Disorder: Evidence From a 6-Year Follow-Up Study.The International journal of social psychiatry · 2026Article
- Resting-state connectivity and tobacco smoking in clinical high-risk for psychosis (NAPLS-3).General psychiatry · 2026Article
- Genetic insights into schizophrenia: ERBB4 and GABRB2 polymorphisms in the Lebanese population.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2025Article
- Tobacco Smoking and Gray Matter Volume in Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: A Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2025Article
- Development of a brief inpatient curriculum to enhance trainee skills in assessment and treatment of adolescents with substance use and co-occurring mental health problems.International journal of psychiatric trainees · 2025Article
- Risk factors analysis and nomograph model construction of unplanned readmission for ischemic stroke within 31 days in Wenzhou.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- The association between childhood trauma and tobacco smoking in patients with psychosis, unaffected siblings, and healthy controls.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2024Article
- Association between electronic nicotine product use and subsequent first episode psychosis.Psychiatry research · 2024Article
- Proxy gene-by-environment Mendelian randomization study of the association between cigarette smoking during pregnancy and offspring mental health.International journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Tobacco use in people with severe mental illness: Findings from a multi-country survey of mental health institutions in South Asia.Tobacco induced diseases · 2023Article
- Environmental Risk Factors and Cognitive Outcomes in Psychosis: Pre-, Perinatal, and Early Life Adversity.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2023Review
- A selective literature review exploring the role of the nicotinic system in schizophrenia.General psychiatry · 2023Review
- Tobacco smoking and risks of more than 470 diseases in China: a prospective cohort study.The Lancet. Public health · 2022Article
- Influences on the Genetic Relationship Between Cannabis Use and Schizophrenia: The Role of the Externalizing Spectrum.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2022Article
- Addictive and other mental disorders: a call for a standardized definition of dual disorders.Translational psychiatry · 2022Review
- Causal assessment in evidence synthesis: A methodological review of reviews.Research synthesis methods · 2022Review
- Biologically Active Compounds Present in Tobacco Smoke: Potential Interactions Between Smoking and Mental Health.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Review
- Differential trajectories of tobacco smoking in people at ultra-high risk for psychosis: Associations with clinical outcomes.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There has been emerging evidence of an association between tobacco smoking and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). Two meta-analyses have reported that people who smoke tobacco have an ~2-fold increased risk of incident schizophrenia or psychosis, even after adjusting for confounding factors. This study aimed to critically appraise the research which has examined the association between tobacco smoking and SSD against the Bradford Hill criteria for causality, to determine the strength of the evidence for a causal relationship. Eight longitudinal studies (seven cohort studies and one case control study) were identified which examined tobacco smoking as an exposure and psychosis as an outcome. All seven cohort studies were assessed as being of high quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Six of the eight studies found a statistically significant positive association between tobacco smoking and onset of SSD. These studies reported a consistent association with a moderate to large effect size and a dose response relationship. The studies adjusted for multiple potential confounders including age, sex, socioeconomic status, shared genetic risk, prodromal symptoms, and comorbid cannabis and other substance use. The studies did not adjust for exposure to childhood trauma or prenatal tobacco. There was substantial though inconclusive evidence supporting a causal relationship between tobacco smoking and increased risk of SSD. If a causal relationship does exist, nicotine is most likely responsible for this association. This raises serious public health concerns about the increasing use of e-cigarettes and other products, particularly by adolescents whose nicotine use may increase their risk of SSD. Research is urgently needed to examine the association between e-cigarette use and incident psychosis, particularly in adolescents and young adults.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.