ArticlePsychological medicine2019
Risk of schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and bipolar disorders by migrant status, region of origin, and age-at-migration: a national cohort study of 1.8 million people.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Migration and schizophrenia: meta-analysis and explanatory framework.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2020Pooled it
- Migration background and specialized mental health care utilization in young adults: a register-based study in the Netherlands.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Mental Illness Prevalence Among Ontario Home Care Clients: Variation by Urban/Rural Residence and Deprivation Measures: Prévalence de la maladie mentale chez les clients de soins à domicile en Ontario : variation selon la résidence urbaine/rurale et les mesures de défavorisation.Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie · 2026Article
- Sex-specific drivers of non-affective psychotic disorders within migrant groups: A 25-year retrospective cohort study of 2 million migrants.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Mental healthcare utilization among migrants and Swedish-born adults accounting for probable needs, 2006-2022.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2026Article
- Association between mental health screening and healthcare utilization among refugees and asylum seekers in Sweden: A retrospective cohort study.Journal of migration and health · 2026Article
- Schizophrenia.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2025Review
- The validity of diagnoses of non-affective psychotic disorder including schizophrenia in Swedish registers revisited - are the diagnoses valid for migrants and Swedish-born?BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- "No data, no problem"? Potential inequities in psychosis among immigrants in the United States.SSM. Mental health · 2025Article
- Longitudinal association between neighborhood-level social capital and incidence of major psychiatric disorders in a cohort of 1.4 million people in Sweden.Nature. Mental health · 2025Article
- Sociodemographic Variables in Offender and Non-Offender Patients Diagnosed with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders-An Explorative Analysis Using Machine Learning.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Environmental risk factors for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder from childhood to diagnosis: a Swedish nested case-control study.Psychological medicine · 2024Article
- The social determinants of mental health and disorder: evidence, prevention and recommendations.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2024Article
- Age-at-migration, ethnicity and psychosis risk: Findings from the EU-GEI case-control study.PLOS mental health · 2024Article
- Social Deprivation and Population Density Trajectories Before and After Psychotic Disorder Diagnosis.JAMA psychiatry · 2023Article
- Migration background, eating disorder symptoms and healthcare service utilisation: findings from the Stockholm Public Health Cohort.BJPsych open · 2023Article
- Migration and risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A Swedish national study.Schizophrenia research · 2023Article
- Association of sociocultural stressors with bipolar disorder onset in Puerto Rican youth growing up as members of a minoritized ethnic group: results from the Boricua Youth Longitudinal Study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2023Article
- Review of Major Social Determinants of Health in Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders: II. Assessments.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2023Article
- Impact of Early-Life Factors on Risk for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2023Article
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Abstract
backgroundWe assessed whether the risk of various psychotic disorders and non-psychotic bipolar disorder (including mania) varied by migrant status, a region of origin, or age-at-migration, hypothesizing that risk would only be elevated for psychotic disorders.
methodsWe established a prospective cohort of 1 796 257 Swedish residents born between 1982 and 1996, followed from their 15th birthday, or immigration to Sweden after age 15, until diagnosis, emigration, death, or end of 2011. Cox proportional hazards models were used to model hazard ratios by migration-related factors, adjusted for covariates.
resultsAll psychotic disorders were elevated among migrants and their children compared with Swedish-born individuals, including schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]migrants: 2.20, 95% CI 1.96-2.47; aHRchildren : 2.00, 95% CI 1.79-2.25), affective psychotic disorders (aHRmigrant1.42, 95% CI 1.25-1.63; aHRchildren: 1.22 95% CI 1.07-1.40), and other non-affective psychotic disorders (aHRmigrant: 1.97, 95% CI 1.81-2.14; aHRchildren: 1.68, 95% CI 1.54-1.83). For all psychotic disorders, risks were generally highest in migrants from Africa (i.e. aHRschizophrenia: 5.24, 95% CI 4.26-6.45) and elevated at most ages-of-migration. By contrast, risk of non-psychotic bipolar disorders was lower for migrants (aHR: 0.58, 95% CI 0.52-0.64) overall, and across all ages-of-migration except infancy (aHR: 1.20; 95% CI 1.01-1.42), while risk for their children was similar to the Swedish-born population (aHR: 1.00, 95% CI 0.93-1.08).
conclusionsIncreased risk of psychiatric disorders associated with migration and minority status may be specific to psychotic disorders, with exact risk dependent on the region of origin.
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