Observational studyBMC endocrine disorders2018
Pre-diabetes and diabetes are independently associated with adverse cognitive test results: a cross-sectional, population-based study.
Observational study in BMC endocrine disorders, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Aortic Stiffness Measured by Carotid Femoral-Pulse Wave Velocity at Different Stages of Normal Glucose, Prediabetes, and Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Relationship Between Type 2 Diabetes and White Matter Hyperintensity: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2020Pooled it
- Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Domain-Specific Cognitive Function in Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Diabetes, prediabetes, and mild cognitive impairment among older adults: the Hitachi Health Study II.Acta diabetologica · 2026Article
- Association of diabetes severity with cognitive function in US adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the AI-READI multicentre cohort.BMJ open · 2026Article
- The Natural History of Prediabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in the Pediatric Population.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Prevalence and Predictors of Cognitive Decline Among Diabetes Mellitus Patients Attending Jinja Regional Referral Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study in Eastern Uganda.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Cognitive dysfunction in diabetes - the 'forgotten' diabetes complication: a narrative review.Scandinavian journal of primary health care · 2025Review
- Effects of Carnosine Supplementation on Cognitive Outcomes in Prediabetes and Well-Controlled Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Unravelling Shared Pathways Linking Metabolic Syndrome, Mild Cognitive Impairment, Dementia, and Sarcopenia.Metabolites · 2025Review
- Relationship Between Depression and Decreased Activity Level and Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 and/or Atrial Fibrillation.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Evaluation of the glymphatic system using the DTI-ALPS index in type 2 diabetes mellitus-induced cognitive impairment.Journal of clinical imaging science · 2025Article
- The Role of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Neuronal Damage, and Endothelial Dysfunction in the Neuropathology of Cognitive Complications in Diabetes: A Moderation and Mediation Analysis.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Diabetes-related cognitive impairment: Mechanisms, symptoms, and treatments.Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland) · 2025Review
- Comorbid Conditions Are Associated With Cognitive Impairment in Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders.International journal of aging & human development · 2024Article
- Dysglycemia, gender, and cognitive performance in older persons living with mild cognitive impairment: findings from a cross-sectional, population-based study.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2024Article
- Study of cognitive functions and their association with depression in type II diabetes mellitus.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2024Article
- Association between pre-diabetes or diabetes and cognitive impairment in a community-dwelling older population: Bushehr Elderly Health (BEH) program.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2024Article
- Pros and cons of live kidney donation in prediabetics: A critical review and way forward.World journal of transplantation · 2024Review
- Emerging Evidence for the Use of Antidiabetic Drugs, Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists, for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.TouchREVIEWS in endocrinology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDiabetes is a risk factor for cognitive impairment, but whether there is also a link between pre-diabetes and cognitive dysfunction is not yet fully established. The aim of this observational study was to investigate associations between pre-diabetes/diabetes and cognitive test results, and also between glucose levels measured during the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and cognitive outcomes.
methodsDuring 2007-2012, in all 2994 people (mean age 72 years), residing in Malmö, Sweden, underwent a clinical examination including the OGTT, cardiovascular measurements including carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (c-f PWV) and two cognitive tests, the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), measuring global cognitive function, and A Quick Test of Cognitive Speed (AQT), measuring processing speed and executive functioning. Regression analyses were performed to investigate associations between: (a) categories of normal or impaired glucose metabolism, and (b) OGTT measurements, respectively, as exposure variables and cognitive test results as outcomes. Adjustments were made for demographics, lifestyle factors and cardiovascular risk factors.
resultsParticipants with pre-diabetes and diabetes scored slightly worse cognitive test results compared to the control group. Results of participants with a long disease duration of diabetes since the baseline examination 13 years earlier were poorer (mean AQT test time 17.8 s slower than controls, p < 0.001). Linear associations were found between fasting and 2-h glucose and cognitive outcomes in the whole population, but also in a sub-analysis including only individuals without diabetes (for 2-h glucose and MMSE results: B = - 2.961, p = 0.005). Associations were stronger for older or less physically active individuals. When adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors, most correlations were non-significant.
conclusionsPre-diabetes and diabetes are associated with minor deficits in global cognitive function, processing speed and executive functioning. Long-standing diabetes is associated with bigger deficits. There appears to be a continuous inverse correlation between glucose levels and cognitive test results, also for people without diabetes. Associations are stronger in older and less physically active individuals. Cardiovascular factors are important mediating factors in the pathway between diabetes and cognitive dysfunction.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.