ArticleAnnals of internal medicine2019
Trends in Drug Use-Associated Infective Endocarditis and Heart Valve Surgery, 2007 to 2017: A Study of Statewide Discharge Data.
Article in Annals of internal medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06194409 (The Incidence, Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of Infective Endocarditis Among Intravenous Drug Abusers Versus Non-Drug Abusers.), which is not on this map. Cited by 142 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Incidence, Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of Infective Endocarditis Among Intravenous Drug Abusers Versus Non-Drug Abusers.
Who cites it
142 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 233 citations in OpenAlex.
- Controlled-release hydromorphone and risk of infection in adults: a systematic review.Harm reduction journal · 2023Pooled it
- Long term surgical outcomes for infective endocarditis in people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2019Pooled it
- Preventing Hospital Readmission for Patients With Comorbid Substance Use Disorder : A Randomized Trial.Annals of internal medicine · 2021Trial
- Tricuspid Valve Infective Endocarditis in People Who Inject Drugs: A Single-Center Retrospective Observational Study of Percutaneous Mechanical Aspiration and a Surgical Approach.Infectious disease reports · 2026Article
- Insurance Status and Quality of Care in Infective Endocarditis: A National Analysis of Disparities in Length of Stay, Discharge, and Mortality.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Patient-Directed Discharge Among Hospitalized Persons With Opioid Use Disorder in the Fentanyl Era: A Scoping Review.American journal of medicine open · 2026Review
- Outcomes and financial comparison of percutaneous debulking versus surgical management of tricuspid endocarditis.Journal of cardiothoracic surgery · 2026Article
- Article
- A comprehensive review of state laws that govern the distribution and possession of drug use equipment in the United States.The International journal on drug policy · 2026Review
- Integrated infectious disease and substance use disorder treatment for severe injection-related infections: protocol for the randomized controlled HI-SIRI trial.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2026Article
- Improving hospital-based care for patients with injection-drug related infections: provider perspectives.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2026Article
- Infective Endocarditis Hospitalizations in Kentucky, 2008-2018: Spatial and Temporal Trends.Journal of Appalachian health · 2026Article
- Bacterial and fungal infections in persons who inject drugs.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Infective Endocarditis in Special Populations: Epidemiology, Diagnostic Challenges, and Management Strategies.Cureus · 2025Review
- Review
- Infective endocarditis: it takes a team.European heart journal · 2025Review
- Infectious Complications of Substance Use: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Hospitalized Veterans.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Trends of infective endocarditis mortality in young adult population of US: A concerning rise and its association with substance abuse.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2025Article
- Comparison of Outcomes of Percutaneous Mechanical Aspiration vs Tricuspid Valve Surgery in Drug Use-Associated Endocarditis of the Tricuspid Valve.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Prevalence of Injection-Related Bacterial and Fungal Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
82 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Drug use-associated infective endocarditis (DUA-IE) is increasing as a result of the opioid epidemic. Infective endocarditis may require valve surgery, but surgical treatment of DUA-IE has invoked controversy, and the extent of its use is unknown. Objective: To examine hospitalization trends for DUA-IE, the proportion of hospitalizations with surgery, patient characteristics, length of stay, and charges. Design: 10-year analysis of a statewide hospital discharge database. Setting: North Carolina hospitals, 2007 to 2017. Patients: All patients aged 18 years or older hospitalized for IE. Measurements: Annual trends in all IE admissions and in IE hospitalizations with valve surgery, stratified by patients' drug use status. Characteristics of DUA-IE surgical hospitalizations, including patient demographic characteristics, length of stay, disposition, and charges. Results: Of 22 825 IE hospitalizations, 2602 (11%) were for DUA-IE. Valve surgery was performed in 1655 IE hospitalizations (7%), including 285 (17%) for DUA-IE. Annual DUA-IE hospitalizations increased from 0.92 to 10.95 and DUA-IE hospitalizations with surgery from 0.10 to 1.38 per 100 000 persons. In the final year, 42% of IE valve surgeries were performed in patients with DUA-IE. Compared with other surgical patients with IE, those with DUA-IE were younger (median age, 33 vs. 56 years), were more commonly female (47% vs. 33%) and white (89% vs. 63%), and were primarily insured by Medicaid (38%) or uninsured (35%). Hospital stays for DUA-IE were longer (median, 27 vs. 17 days), with higher median charges ($250 994 vs. $198 764). Charges for 282 DUA-IE hospitalizations exceeded $78 million. Limitation: Reliance on administrative data and billing codes. Conclusion: DUA-IE hospitalizations and valve surgeries increased more than 12-fold, and nearly half of all IE valve surgeries were performed in patients with DUA-IE. The swell of patients with DUA-IE is reshaping the scope, type, and financing of health care resources needed to effectively treat IE. Primary Funding Source: National Institutes of Health.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.