ReviewFrontiers in immunology2018
The Early Phases of Ankylosing Spondylitis: Emerging Insights From Clinical and Basic Science.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 101 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effect of uveitis and undiagnosed spondyloarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- Serum RANKL levels in Chinese patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a meta-analysis.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2021Pooled it
- Imbalance of Peripheral Lymphocyte Subsets in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- The PROPER Study: A 48-Week, Pan-European, Real-World Study of Biosimilar SB5 Following Transition from Reference Adalimumab in Patients with Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Disease.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2023Trial
- Plasma levels of H- and L-ficolin are increased in axial spondyloarthritis: improvement of disease identification.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2020Trial
- Women with spondyloarthritis occurring in the peripartum period develop a singular phenotype.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2026Observational
- From IL-23/IL-17 to GM-CSF: how is the immuno-inflammatory continuum reshaped in spondyloarthritis?Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- What can Animal Models tell us About T Cells in Spondyloarthritis Pathogenesis?Current rheumatology reports · 2025Review
- Axial radiographic structural damage in patients with Enthesitis-Related Arthritis presents a distinct phenotype compared to adults with axial spondyloarthritis: A cross-sectional cohort study.Rheumatology international · 2025Article
- Aberrant Tryptophan Metabolism Manipulates Osteochondral Homeostasis.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Review
- A case and literature review of axial spondyloarthritis and immunoglobulin A vasculitis: Rare association or under-recognized?SAGE open medical case reports · 2025Article
- JAK inhibition and axial spondyloarthritis: new steps on the path to understanding pathophysiology.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Axial Spondyloarthritis: an overview of the disease.Rheumatology international · 2024Review
- Characteristics and course of patients with AA amyloidosis: single centre experience with 174 patients from Turkey.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- Circulating cell-free DNA correlate to disease activity and treatment response of patients with radiographic axial spondyloarthritis.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- PLCG2 and IFNAR1: The Potential Biomarkers Mediated by Immune Infiltration and Osteoclast Differentiation of Ankylosing Spondylitis in the Peripheral Blood.Mediators of inflammation · 2024Article
- Causal relationship between ankylosing spondylitis and ocular inflammatory diseases: a Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in genetics · 2024Article
- Heart Rate Variability in Patients of Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Cureus · 2024Review
- Biomechanics in the onset and severity of spondyloarthritis: a force to be reckoned with.RMD open · 2023Review
- Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Reveals Stage-Specific Metabolic Signatures of Ankylosing Spondylitis.Metabolites · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In our paper, we discuss how the early phases of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) are linked to peri-firbocartilagenous osteitis in the sacroiliac joint and entheseal bone related anchoring sites. This skeletal proclivity is linked to an abnormal immunological response to skeletal biomechanical stress and associated microdamage. A key event in the early stages of AS appears to be the association with subclinical Crohn's-like colitis with this gut inflammation being pivotal to the osteitis reaction. Whether this osteitis is consequent to non-specific intestinal innate immune activation or adaptive immune responses against specific microbiotal or self-antigens is unknown. Recurrent iritis is an HLA-B27 associated feature that may predate AS and pursues a course independent of joint involvement, and points toward the pivotal role of organ specific immunology over generalized systemic immune responses in disease expression. Human genetics and animal model studies strongly incriminate the IL23/17 axis and TNF-α in disease pathogenesis. Preliminary work shows a strong convergence of innate immune cells including type 3 innate lymphoid-cells (ILC3) and γδ T-cells in skin, gut, entheseal, and eye inflammation. Despite the HLA-B27 association, the role of adaptive immunity, especially CD8+ T-cells mediated responses remains unproven and alternative theories have been proposed. The emerging non-dependence of axial inflammation on IL-23 but dependence on IL-17A is an unexpected new twist that awaits full explanation. In this mini-review, we discuss the key events in the early stages of human AS from clinical and basic science aspects, which could be crucial for attempted disease prevention studies in at risk subjects.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.