ArticleFertility and sterility2018
Demographic, lifestyle, and reproductive risk factors for ectopic pregnancy.
Article in Fertility and sterility, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Case of a Chronic Ectopic Pregnancy in a Patient With Negative Serum β-HCG.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Review
- Clinical Profile of Ectopic Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Center: A Five-Year Retrospective Study.JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association · 2026Observational
- Cigarette use, secondhand smoke exposure and age-related infertility among US women: A cross-sectional NHANES study.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2026Article
- The diagnosis and management of extrauterine and uterine ectopic pregnancy.Human reproduction update · 2026Review
- The efficacy of single-incision laparoscopic surgery versus conventional laparoscopic surgery in the surgical management of ectopic pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Turkish journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2025Article
- Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy: From Diagnosis to Treatment.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Association of endometrial preparation protocols and embryonic development stages with ectopic pregnancy in freeze-thaw cycles.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2025Article
- Analysis of ectopic pregnancies requiring life-saving urgent surgery.Ulusal travma ve acil cerrahi dergisi = Turkish journal of trauma & emergency surgery : TJTES · 2025Article
- Development and Validation of a Machine Learning-Based Clinical Model for Predicting Rupture in Ectopic Pregnancy: A Web-Based Nomogram Approach.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2025Article
- A multi-country cohort database study to assess pregnancy and infant outcomes after potential maternal or paternal exposure to cladribine tablets in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: the CLEAR study methods and status update.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2025Article
- Ectopic pregnancy.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2024Review
- The body mass index and the risk of ectopic pregnancy: a 5-year retrospective case-control study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Article
- Two Consecutive Ruptured Tubal Ectopic Pregnancies after Interval Bilateral Tubal Ligation.International medical case reports journal · 2024Article
- Article
- An endometrium of type C along with an endometrial thickness of < 8 mm are risk factors for ectopic pregnancy after stimulated cycles with fresh embryo transfer.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2023Article
- Environmental factors affecting pregnancy outcomes.Endocrine · 2023Review
- Mechanism of Human Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy Caused by Cigarette Smoking.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2023Review
- Romiplostim use in pregnant women with immune thrombocytopenia.American journal of hematology · 2023Article
- Rare Occurrence of Left Ampullary Ectopic Pregnancy After Ligation of the Left Fallopian Tube: A Case Report.International journal of women's health · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo evaluate the relationship between demographic, lifestyle, and reproductive factors and the risk of ectopic pregnancy (EP).
designProspective cohort.
settingUnited States. PATIENT(S): Nurses' Health Study II cohort comprising 41,440 pregnancies from 22,356 women. INTERVENTION(S): Demographic, lifestyle, and reproductive factors self-reported in 1989 then updated every 2 years. Multivariable log-binomial regression models with generalized estimating equations were used to estimate adjusted risk ratios (aRR). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Ectopic pregnancy. RESULT(S): Incident EP was reported in 411 (1.0%) pregnancies. Former and current smokers had 1.22 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97-1.55) and 1.73 (95% CI, 1.28-2.32) times, respectively, the risk of EP compared with never smokers. The risk of EP 10 years after quitting was similar to never smokers (aRR 0.90; 95% CI, 0.60-1.33). Women consuming ≥10 g/day of alcohol had 1.50 (95% CI, 1.08-2.09) times the risk of EP compared with never consumers. In utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol (aRR 3.55; 95% CI, 2.51-5.01), earlier initiation of oral contraceptives (aRR 2.64; 95% CI, 1.70-4.09 for <16 years vs. never), intrauterine device use (aRR 3.99; 95% CI, 2.06-7.72), or history of infertility (aRR 3.03; 95% CI, 2.48-3.71) or tubal ligation (aRR 16.27; 95% CI, 11.76-22.53) also were associated with a higher risk of EP. CONCLUSION(S): Women who were current or former smokers, consumed ≥10 g/day of alcohol, were exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero, initiated oral contraceptives at earlier than age 16 years (which may be a marker of riskier sexual behaviors), and who had a history of infertility, intrauterine device use, or tubal ligation had a higher risk of EP.
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