ReviewLupus2019
Sexual dimorphism in SLE: above and beyond sex hormones.
Review in Lupus, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- Circulating prolactin levels and the effect of dopaminergic agonists in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- Sex hormones affect the pathogenesis and clinical characteristics of systemic lupus erythematosus.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Sex steroids and autoimmune rheumatic diseases: state of the art.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2020Pooled it
- The Chromatin Accessibility Landscape of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus at Single-Cell Resolution.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- Sex-dependent mechanisms in rheumatic diseases.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Negative Lupus Myelitis: A Narrative Review.Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology · 2026Article
- Regional variation in serum ficolin levels and their association with disease activity and clinical manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients from India.Immunologic research · 2026Article
- The sex-biased chromatin modifier SMC1A promotes autoimmunity by shaping inflammatory pathways in patients with SLE.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Impact of Sex on Infection Risk in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Biomarkers for systemic lupus erythematosus: A scoping review.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2024Article
- Bioinformatics approaches for studying molecular sex differences in complex diseases.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2024Review
- Sex difference in human diseases: mechanistic insights and clinical implications.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- Towards an understanding of the biopsychosocial determinants of CVD in SLE: a scoping review.Lupus science & medicine · 2024Article
- IRAK4 is an immunological checkpoint in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Mortality and causes of death in systemic lupus erythematosus in New Zealand: a population-based study.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- Lifestyle-Driven Variations in Nutrimiromic MicroRNA Expression Patterns across and beyond Genders.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Extensive Alternative Splicing Patterns in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Highlight Sexual Differences.Cells · 2023Article
- Acute cardiovascular complications of immune-mediated systemic inflammatory diseases.European heart journal. Acute cardiovascular care · 2023Review
- Potential of bone morphogenetic protein-7 in treatment of lupus nephritis: addressing the hurdles to implementation.Inflammopharmacology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by aberrant production of auto-antibodies and a sexual dimorphism both in the phenotypic expression and frequency of the disease between males and females. The striking female predominance was initially attributed primarily to sex hormones. However, recent data challenge this simplistic view and point more towards genetic and epigenetic factors accounting for this difference. More specifically, several SLE-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been found to play an important role in the gender predilection in SLE. Their effect is mediated through their involvement in sex-hormone and immune system signalling and dysregulation of the expression of genes and miRNAs pertinent to the immune system. Additionally, the genetic factors are interchangeably associated with epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and histone modification, thus revealing a highly complex network of responsible mechanisms. Of importance, disturbance in the epigenetic process of X chromosome inactivation in females as well as in rare X chromosome abnormalities leads to increased expression of X-linked immune-related genes and miRNAs, which might predispose females to SLE. Microbiota dysbiosis has also been implicated in the sexual dimorphism by the production of oestrogens within the gut and the regulation of oestrogen-responsive immune-related genes. Sexual dimorphism in SLE is an area of active research, and elucidation of its molecular basis may facilitate ongoing efforts towards personalized care.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.