ReviewBMJ open sport & exercise medicine2018
Are extreme conditioning programmes effective and safe? A narrative review of high-intensity functional training methods research paradigms and findings.
Review in BMJ open sport & exercise medicine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Injury in CrossFit: A Systematic Review.International journal of sports medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Impact of a short-term low calorie diet alone or with interval exercise on quality of life and oxidized phospholipids in obese females.Physiology & behavior · 2022Trial
- Krill-Oil-Dependent Increases in HS-Omega-3 Index, Plasma Choline and Antioxidant Capacity in Well-Conditioned Power Training Athletes.Nutrients · 2021Trial
- Combining supervised run interval training or moderate-intensity continuous training with the diabetes prevention program on clinical outcomes.European journal of applied physiology · 2019Trial
- The impact of exercise training complementary to early intervention in patients with first-episode psychosis: a qualitative sub-study from a randomized controlled feasibility trial.BMC psychiatry · 2019Trial
- Common Injuries Across Baseline, 6-Month, and 12-Month Assessments in CrossFitSports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- High-Intensity Functional Training for Older Adults with Mobility Disabilities: A Feasibility Pilot Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The relationship between involvement in group extreme conditioning program training and PERMA: the mediating role of social capital.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- The Effects of CrossFitInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Occupational Health-Related Problems among Portuguese Fitness Instructors.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Article
- Biomechanical analysis of wheelchair athletes with paraplegia during cross-training exercises.The journal of spinal cord medicine · 2022Observational
- Upper Extremity Injuries in CrossFit Athletes-a Review of the Current Literature.Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine · 2022Review
- Purchasing behavior and use of digital sports offers by CrossFit® and weightlifting athletes during the first SARS-CoV-2 lockdown in Germany.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2022Article
- Time-course effects of functional fitness sessions performed at different intensities on the metabolic, hormonal, and BDNF responses in trained men.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2022Article
- Editorial: Functional fitness/high intensity functional training for health and performance.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Article
- Exercise training complementary to specialised early intervention in patients with first-episode psychosis: a feasibility randomised trial.Pilot and feasibility studies · 2021Article
- Local Muscle Endurance and Strength Had Strong Relationship with CrossFitSports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Acute and Chronic Catabolic Responses toInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Extreme conditioning programmes (ECPs, eg, CrossFit, Insanity and Gym Jones) are a growing fitness regimen characterised by functional movements performed at high-intensity and with constantly varying movements. While the popularity and number of practitioners of ECPs are growing, a debate has been established between what is observed in the scientific literature and anecdotal reports from athletes, coaches and physicians about safety (incidence and prevalence of injuries and rhabdomyolysis) and benefits (physical and mental health). In this article, we review the prevalence and incidence of injuries, rhabdomyolysis, physiological responses and chronic adaptations to ECPs. The majority of the available evidence confirm that the estimated injury rate among athletes participating in ECPs is similar to that in weightlifting and most other recreational activities. Additionally, ECP sessions resulted in increased acute oxidative, metabolic and cardiovascular stress, and depending on the stimulus (intensity, duration and non-usual exercise) and training status of the practitioner, an ECP session may precipitate rhabdomyolysis. In the scientific literature, the current chronic effects of ECPs showed little or no effects on body composition and improvements in physical fitness and psychological parameters; however, further studies are important.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.