ArticleNutrients2018
Short Communication: Differences in Levels of Free Amino Acids and Total Protein in Human Foremilk and Hindmilk.
Article in Nutrients, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human Milk Macronutrients and Child Growth and Body Composition in the First Two Years: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Pooled it
- Pumps, patriarchy, and profits: the rise of breast pumping and "human milk feeding" and why preserving "breastfeeding" is important.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- Altered milk tryptophan and tryptophan metabolites in women living with HIV.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Industrial Scale Production and Characterization of a Whey Fraction Enriched in Extracellular Vesicle Material.Journal of extracellular biology · 2025Article
- Comprehensive analysis of differences in the physiochemical composition of foremilk and hindmilk of grazing indigenous and crossbred dairy goats; implications for growth, milk production and industry.Tropical animal health and production · 2024Article
- Drugs in Human Milk Part 1: Practical and Analytical Considerations in Measuring Drugs and Metabolites in Human Milk.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2024Review
- Improving infant Neurocognitive Development and Growth Outcomes with micronutrients (INDiGO): A protocol for an efficacy trial in rural Gambia.Wellcome open research · 2024Article
- Amino acid requirements of the infant: the amino acid composition of human breast milk.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Review
- The relationship between creamatocrit and cumulative percentage of total milk volume: a cross-sectional study in mothers of very preterm infants in Bangkok, Thailand.International breastfeeding journal · 2023Article
- Associations between breast milk intake volume, macronutrient intake and infant growth in a longitudinal birth cohort: the Cambridge Baby Growth and Breastfeeding Study (CBGS-BF).The British journal of nutrition · 2023Article
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- Dynamic Changes in the Human Milk Metabolome Over 25 Weeks of Lactation.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Article
- Article
- Influence of the Type of Breastfeeding and Human Milk Polyamines on Infant Anthropometric Parameters.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Article
- Best Practices for Human Milk Collection for COVID-19 Research.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2021Review
- Review
- Free Amino Acids in Human Milk: A Potential Role for Glutamine and Glutamate in the Protection Against Neonatal Allergies and Infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Free Amino Acid Content in Human Milk is Associated with Infant Gender and Weight Gain during the First Four Months of Lactation.Nutrients · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Free amino acids (FAAs) in human milk are indicated to have specific functional roles in infant development. Studies have shown differences between human milk that is expressed at the beginning of a feed (i.e., foremilk) and the remainder of the milk expressed (i.e., hindmilk). For example, it is well established that human hindmilk is richer in fat and energy than foremilk. Hence, exclusively feeding hindmilk is used to enhance weight gain of preterm, low birthweight infants. Whether FAAs occur differently between foremilk and hindmilk has never been reported, but given their bioactive capacities, this is relevant to consider especially in situations where hindmilk is fed exclusively. Therefore, this study analyzed and compared the FAA and total protein content in human foremilk and hindmilk samples donated by 30 healthy lactating women. The total protein content was found to be significantly higher in hindmilk (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.