ArticleInternational forum of allergy & rhinology2019
Patterns of olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis identified by hierarchical cluster analysis and machine learning algorithms.
Article in International forum of allergy & rhinology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Correlation of Local Nasal Biomarkers and Olfactory Dysfunction in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International forum of allergy & rhinology · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic Review of Protein Biomarkers in Adult Patients With Chronic Rhinosinusitis.American journal of rhinology & allergy · 2023Pooled it
- Early and Sustained Improvements in Sense of Smell With Tezepelumab Treatment in Patients With Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps (WAYPOINT).International forum of allergy & rhinology · 2026Trial
- The Usefulness of Machine Learning Models to Predict Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps.World journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery · 2026Article
- Use of Machine Learning and 71-Plex Immune Mediator Analysis to Identify Nasal Mucus Biomarkers Associated With Olfactory Loss in Patients with CRSwNP.American journal of rhinology & allergy · 2026Article
- Diagnostic Role of Aspirin Challenge in NSAID-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease: A Prospective Single-Center Study in China.Allergy, asthma & immunology research · 2026Article
- Importance of Smell Loss to Patients With Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps: Options for Management and Recovery.Clinical and translational allergy · 2026Review
- Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients With Acetylcholine-Receptor-Antibody-Positive Myasthenia Gravis.Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea) · 2025Article
- Predictive Modeling of Surgically Recalcitrant Chronic Rhinosinusitis Using Integrated Feature Sets.Ear, nose, & throat journal · 2025Article
- Long-Term Particulate Matter Exposure May Increase Risk of Chronic Rhinosinusitis WIth Nasal Polyposis: Results From an Exposure-Matched Study.International forum of allergy & rhinology · 2025Article
- Effects of inflammatory endotypes on disease trajectory in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2025Article
- Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis Diagnosis, Management, Associated Conditions, Pathophysiology, and Future Directions: Summary of a Multidisciplinary Workshop.International forum of allergy & rhinology · 2025Review
- Clinical and mechanistic advancements in aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2025Review
- [A longitudinal study of subjective olfactory function post-operatively in chronic rhinosinusitis patients with asthma and analysis of influencing factors].Lin chuang er bi yan hou tou jing wai ke za zhi = Journal of clinical otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery · 2024Article
- Particulate matter exposure is associated with increased inflammatory cytokines and eosinophils in chronic rhinosinusitis.Allergy · 2024Article
- Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and poor olfaction in women.International forum of allergy & rhinology · 2024Article
- Inflammatory characteristics of central compartment atopic disease.International forum of allergy & rhinology · 2023Article
- The Evolution and Application of Artificial Intelligence in Rhinology: A State of the Art Review.Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery · 2023Review
- A Scoping Review of Artificial Intelligence Research in Rhinology.American journal of rhinology & allergy · 2023Article
- Exploring Endotypes in Chronic Rhinosinusitis (ExpRess): Protocol for a cohort study.PloS one · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOlfactory dysfunction is a common symptom of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). We previously identified several cytokines potentially linked to smell loss, potentially supporting an inflammatory etiology for CRS-associated olfactory dysfunction. In the current study we sought to validate patterns of olfactory dysfunction in CRS using hierarchical cluster analysis, machine learning algorithms, and multivariate regression.
methodsCRS patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery were administered the Smell Identification Test (SIT) preoperatively. Mucus was collected from the middle meatus using an absorbent polyurethane sponge and 17 inflammatory mediators were assessed using a multiplexed flow-cytometric bead assay. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to characterize inflammatory patterns and their association with SIT scores. The random forest approach was used to identify cytokines predictive of olfactory function.
resultsOne hundred ten patients were enrolled in the study. Hierarchical cluster analysis identified 5 distinct CRS clusters with statistically significant differences in SIT scores observed between individual clusters (p < 0.001). A majority of anosmic patients were found in a single cluster, which was additionally characterized by nasal polyposis (100%) and a high incidence of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (50%) and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) (33%). A random forest approach identified a strong association between olfaction and the cytokines interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13. Multivariate modeling identified AERD, computed tomography (CT) score, and IL-2 as the variables most predictive of olfactory function.
conclusionOlfactory dysfunction is associated with specific CRS endotypes characterized by severe nasal polyposis, tissue eosinophilia, and AERD. Mucus IL-2 levels, CT score, and AERD were independently associated with smell loss.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.