ArticlePloS one2018
Smoking prevalence and trends among a U.S. national sample of women of reproductive age in rural versus urban settings.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Smoking Cessation Interventions and Abstinence Outcomes for People Living in Rural, Regional, and Remote Areas of Three High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Pooled it
- Randomized clinical trial examining financial incentives for smoking cessation among mothers of young children and possible impacts on child secondhand smoke exposure.Preventive medicine · 2023Trial
- Smoke-Free Moms: Financial Rewards for Smoking Cessation by Low-Income Rural Pregnant Women.American journal of preventive medicine · 2019Trial
- Examining rural disparities in cigarette smoking among U.S. women by chronological age: 2002-2022.Preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Cigarette smoking prevalence, nicotine dependence, and quit ratios among U.S. adult females by residence and military-veteran status: 2002-2023.Preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Rural-Urban Disparities in Perinatal Smoking in the United States: Trends and Determinants.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Random forest algorithm for predicting tobacco use and identifying determinants among pregnant women in 26 sub-Saharan African countries: a 2024 analysis.BMC public health · 2025Article
- The impact of oral health disparities on smoking prevalence.Frontiers in public health · 2025Review
- Unveiling socioeconomic disparities in maternal smoking during pregnancy: a comprehensive analysis of rural and Appalachian areas in Virginia utilizing the multi-dimensional YOST index.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Observational
- Behavior change, health, and health disparities 2024: Smoking and other tobacco use among women and girls.Preventive medicine · 2024Article
- Use and co-use of tobacco and cannabis before, during, and after pregnancy: A longitudinal analysis of waves 1-5 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2024Article
- Clustering of behavioral economic biases in decision-making and risk for cigarette smoking and other substance use in women and men.Preventive medicine · 2024Article
- Examining U.S. disparities in smoking among rural versus urban women of reproductive age: 2002-2019.Preventive medicine · 2024Article
- Tobacco Quitline utilization compared with cigarette smoking prevalence in Virginia across rurality and Appalachian Status, 2011-2019.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- Exploring the Link between Altitude of Residence and Smoking Patterns in the United States.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Behavior change, health, and health disparities 2023: Contingency management for treating substance use disorders and promoting health in vulnerable populations.Preventive medicine · 2023Article
- A comparison between perceived rurality and established geographic rural status among Indiana residents.Medicine · 2023Article
- Determinants of cigarette smoking and smoking frequency among women of reproductive age in Nigeria: evidence from a nationwide cross-sectional survey.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2023Article
- Tobacco Cessation Motivations, Preferences, and Barriers Among Rural Smokers: Implications for Optimizing Referrals in Clinical Practice.AJPM focus · 2023Article
- Relating individual differences in the reinforcing value of smoking and dependence severity to nicotine exposure levels in vulnerable populations.Preventive medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
U.S. smoking prevalence is declining at a slower rate in rural than urban settings and contributing to regional health disparities. Cigarette smoking among women of reproductive age is particularly concerning due to the potential for serious maternal and infant adverse health effects should a smoker become pregnant. The aim of the present study was to examine whether this rural-urban disparity impacts women of reproductive age (ages 15-44) including pregnant women. Data came from the ten most recent years of the U.S. National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2007-2016). We estimated prevalence of current smoking and nicotine dependence among women categorized by rural-urban residence, pregnancy status, and trends using chi-square testing and multivariable modeling while adjusting for common risk factors for smoking. Despite overall decreasing trends in smoking prevalence, prevalence was higher among rural than urban women of reproductive age overall (χ2(1) = 579.33, p < .0001) and among non-pregnant (χ2(1) = 578.0, p < .0001) and pregnant (χ2(1) = 79.69, p < .0001) women examined separately. An interaction between residence and pregnancy status showed adjusted odds of smoking among urban pregnant compared to non-pregnant women (AOR = .58, [.53 -.63]) were lower than those among rural pregnant compared to non-pregnant women (AOR = 0.75, [.62 -.92]), consistent with greater pregnancy-related smoking cessation among urban pregnant women. Prevalence of nicotine dependence was also higher in rural than urban smokers overall (χ2(2) = 790.42, p < .0001) and among non-pregnant (χ2(2) = 790.58, p < .0001) and pregnant women examined separately (χ2(2) = 63.69, p < .0001), with no significant changes over time. Associations involving residence and pregnancy status remained significant in models adjusting for covariates (ps < 0.05). Results document greater prevalence of smoking and nicotine dependence and suggest less pregnancy-related quitting among rural compared to urban women, disparities that have potential for direct, multi-generational adverse health impacts.
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Registered trials
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