ArticlePloS one2018
Mycoplasmas are no exception to extracellular vesicles release: Revisiting old concepts.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety Assessment of Extracellular Vesicle-Based Therapy in Regenerative Dentistry.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Inflammation markers are associated with small extracellular vesicle protein signatures in cows withFrontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- When less is more: cell size reduction as a metabolic lifeline inFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Review and comprehensive analysis of knowledge, tools, and implementation gaps for the control of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.BMC veterinary research · 2025Review
- Progress of research on engineered extracellular vesicles from different sources for disease treatment.Histology and histopathology · 2025Review
- Interplay Between Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles and Phages: Receptors, Mechanisms, and Implications.Viruses · 2025Review
- Extracellular vesicles of minimalistic Mollicutes as mediators of immune modulation and horizontal gene transfer.Communications biology · 2025Article
- NovelFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2024Article
- MinisculeSustainable microbiology · 2024Review
- Identification of potential nucleomodulins ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- A clinically relevant large-scale biomanufacturing workflow to produce natural killer cells and natural killer cell-derived extracellular vesicles for cancer immunotherapy.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2023Article
- Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Secretory Proteins ofVeterinary sciences · 2023Article
- Cell culture-derived extracellular vesicles: Considerations for reporting cell culturing parameters.Journal of extracellular biology · 2023Article
- Composition and functions of bacterial membrane vesicles.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2023Review
- Novel mycoplasma nucleomodulin MbovP475 decreased cell viability by regulating expression of CRYAB and MCF2L2.Virulence · 2022Article
- TheFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
- Article
- Novel Secreted Protein ofFrontiers in immunology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Release of extracellular vesicles (EV) by Gram-negative and positive bacteria is being frequently reported. EV are nano-sized, membrane-derived, non-self-replicating, spherical structures shed into the extracellular environment that could play a role in bacteria-host interactions. Evidence of EV production in bacteria belonging to the class Mollicutes, which are wall-less, is mainly restricted to the genus Acholeplasma and is scanty for the Mycoplasma genus that comprises major human and animal pathogens. Here EV release by six Mycoplasma (sub)species of clinical importance was investigated. EV were obtained under nutritional stress conditions, purified by ultracentrifugation and observed by electron microscopy. The membrane proteins of EV from three different species were further identified by mass spectrometry as a preliminary approach to determining their potential role in host-pathogen interactions. EV were shown to be released by all six (sub)species although their quantities and sizes (30-220 nm) were very variable. EV purification was complicated by the minute size of viable mycoplasmal cells. The proteins of EV-membranes from three (sub)species included major components of host-pathogen interactions, suggesting that EV could contribute to make the host-pathogen interplay more complex. The process behind EV release has yet to be deciphered, although several observations demonstrated their active release from the plasma membrane of living cells. This work shed new light on old concepts of "elementary bodies" and "not-cell bound antigens".
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.