ArticleIrish journal of medical science2019
Moving from peripheral blood to local uterine immunophenotype analysis in patients with poor reproductive history: pilot study of a novel technique.
Article in Irish journal of medical science, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of B Cells with Idiopathic Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Intralipid therapy and adverse reproductive outcome: is there any evidence?Reproduction & fertility · 2021Pooled it
- Single-cell RNA sequencing of leukocytes at the maternal-fetal interface in physiological and pathological Nodal-deficient pregnancies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Outcomes of Ultimpro Testing Implementation for Patients With Unexplained Recurrent Implantation Failure: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2025Article
- Intravenous immunoglobulin for patients with unexplained recurrent implantation failure: a 6-year single center retrospective review of clinical outcomes.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Correlation of peripheral blood and endometrial immunophenotyping in ART: is peripheral blood sampling useful?Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2023Article
- ESHRE good practice recommendations on recurrent implantation failure.Human reproduction open · 2023Article
- Lipid emulsion therapy in women with recurrent pregnancy loss and repeated implantation failure: The role of abnormal natural killer cell activity.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2021Review
- Endometrial Immune Dysfunction in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Review
- Endometrial lymphocyte concentrations in adverse reproductive outcome populations.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2019Article
- Inflammatory Markers in Peripheral Blood Cells Cannot Predict Intrauterine Insemination Outcome: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of human reproductive sciencesArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundA complete reproductive immunophenotype is poorly described, with most focus on peripheral blood natural killer cells rather than uterine populations. There is debate regarding normal endometrial levels, with no consensus, and much controversy on correlation with implantation/miscarriage.
aimsDevelopment and validation of a rapid endometrial assessment flow cytometry (FCM) technique, allowing determination of local lymphocyte subset ranges, comparison to peripheral blood, and patient subgroup analysis.
methodsProspective pilot, assessing patients with prior implantation, failure offered endometrial biopsy before subsequent ART cycle, functioning as therapeutic scratch. HRT regime administered to standardise environment, and progesterone-primed mid-luteal biopsy (five completed days progestogen, P+5) analysed using comprehensive flow panel to identify lymphocyte subsets.
resultsTwo hundred patients were recruited in a tertiary university-affiliated ART centre. FCM identified differing lymphocyte ranges between peripheral blood and biopsy. Uterine/decidual natural killer cells are the dominant endometrial subtype. Patients with repeated implantation failure had higher uNK levels (52.4 vs 43.7%, p = 0.01). Conversely, B lymphocytes (0.87 vs 0.72%, p = 0.032), pNK (1.21 vs 0.8%, p = 0.041), and NK-T (2.68 vs 2.26, p = 0.031) cells were higher in recurrent pregnancy loss.
conclusionFCM is widely used to assess cellular populations, but not typically employed for endometrial evaluation. FCM provides a rapid, detailed, and quantitative analysis and reduces inter-observer subjectivity bias. Detailed understanding of the normal endometrial immunophenotype, and associated deviations, may provide insight into the aetiology of infertile patients labelled "unexplained". Failure despite transfer of high grade, or proven euploid blastocysts, is a difficult problem, and endometrial profiling may help identify research areas to determine potential future therapeutic interventions for this difficult to treat population.
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