ArticleBrain stimulation
Temperature increases by kilohertz frequency spinal cord stimulation.
Article in Brain stimulation. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of computational models for the design of spinal cord stimulation therapies: from neural circuits to patient-specific simulations.The Journal of physiology · 2023Pooled it
- Comparison of Spinal Cord Stimulation vs. Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation vs. Association of Both in Patients with Refractory Chronic Back and/or Lower Limb Neuropathic Pain: An International, Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Crossover Trial (BOOST-DRG Study).Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2021Trial
- Predict neuromuscular performance in human epidural electrical stimulation: phase 1 trial interim results.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- The optimization of neuroprosthetic interfaces relying on biophysical and surrogate digital twins.npj biomedical innovations · 2026Review
- Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator in Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumours Treatment: A Simulation Study of Vibration and Temperature Field.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Role of frequency-dependent and capacitive tissue properties in spinal cord stimulation models.Journal of neural engineering · 2025Article
- Ramped kilohertz-frequency signals produce nerve conduction block without onset response.Journal of neural engineering · 2025Article
- Response of dorsal horn neurons in mice to high-frequency (kHz) biphasic stimulation is not sensitive to local temperature rise.Physiological reports · 2025Article
- Selective Infrared Neural Inhibition Can Be Reproduced by Resistive Heating.Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society · 2023Article
- Bioheat Model of Spinal Column Heating During High-Density Spinal Cord Stimulation.Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society · 2023Article
- Effect of percutaneous electrical stimulation with high-frequency alternating currents at 30 kHz on the sensory-motor system.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
- Thermal effects on neurons during stimulation of the brain.Journal of neural engineering · 2022Article
- Effect of Percutaneous Electric Stimulation with High-Frequency Alternating Currents on the Sensory-Motor System of Healthy Volunteers: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Computational Modeling of Deep Tissue Heating by an Automatic Thermal Massage Bed: Predicting the Effects on Circulation.Frontiers in medical technology · 2022Article
- Development and Clinical Validation of a Finite Element Method Model Mapping Focal Intracranial Cooling.IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · 2022Article
- Tissue Temperature Increases by a 10 kHz Spinal Cord Stimulation System: Phantom and Bioheat Model.Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society · 2021Article
- Electrochemical Skin Conductance Alterations during Spinal Cord Stimulation: An Experimental Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Management of Chronic and Neuropathic Pain with 10 kHz Spinal Cord Stimulation Technology: Summary of Findings from Preclinical and Clinical Studies.Biomedicines · 2021Review
- Failure of SCS MR-Conditional Modes Due to High Impedance: A Review of Literature and Case Series.Pain and therapy · 2021Article
- A Call to Action Toward Optimizing the Electrical Dose Received by Neural Targets in Spinal Cord Stimulation Therapy for Neuropathic Pain.Journal of pain research · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionKilohertz frequency spinal cord stimulation (kHz-SCS) deposits significantly more power in tissue compared to SCS at conventional frequencies, reflecting increased duty cycle (pulse compression). We hypothesize kHz-SCS increases local tissue temperature by joule heat, which may influence the clinical outcomes.
methodsTo establish the role of tissue heating in KHZ-SCS, a decisive first step is to characterize the range of temperature changes expected during conventional and KHZ-SCS protocols. Fiber optic probes quantified temperature increases around an experimental SCS lead in a bath phantom. These data were used to verify a SCS lead heat-transfer model based on joule heat. Temperature increases were then predicted in a seven-compartment (soft tissue, vertebral bone, fat, intervertebral disc, meninges, spinal cord with nerve roots) geometric human spinal cord model under varied parameterization.
resultsThe experimentally constrained bio-heat model shows SCS waveform power (waveform RMS) determines tissue heating at the spinal cord and surrounding tissues. For example, we predict temperature increased at dorsal spinal cord of 0.18-1.72 °C during 3.5 mA peak 10 KHz stimulation with a 40-10-40 μs biphasic pulse pattern, 0.09-0.22 °C during 3.5 mA 1 KHz 100-100-100 μs stimulation, and less than 0.05 °C during 3.5 mA 50 Hz 200-100-200 μs stimulation. Notably, peak heating of the spinal cord and other tissues increases superlinearly with stimulation power and so are especially sensitive to incremental changes in SCS pulse amplitude or frequency (with associated pulse compression). Further supporting distinct SCS intervention strategies based on heating; the spatial profile of temperature changes is more uniform compared to electric fields, which suggests less sensitivity to lead position.
conclusionsTissue heating may impact short and long-term outcomes of KHZ-SCS, and even as an adjunct mechanism, suggests distinct strategies for lead position and programming optimization.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.