ArticlePeerJ2018
Integration of phylogenomics and molecular modeling reveals lineage-specific diversification of toxins in scorpions.
Article in PeerJ, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Microbiota discovered in scorpion venom.PloS one · 2026Article
- Review
- Venom gland transcriptomics and bioactivity profiling suggest bifunctional hyaluronidase activity in the venom ofFrontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Evolution, Expression Patterns, and Distribution of Novel Ribbon Worm Predatory and Defensive Toxins.Molecular biology and evolution · 2022Article
- Out of India, thrice: diversification of Asian forest scorpions reveals three colonizations of Southeast Asia.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Article
- Dissecting Toxicity: The Venom Gland Transcriptome and the Venom Proteome of the Highly Venomous ScorpionToxins · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Scorpions have evolved a variety of toxins with a plethora of biological targets, but characterizing their evolution has been limited by the lack of a comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis of scorpion relationships grounded in modern, genome-scale datasets. Disagreements over scorpion higher-level systematics have also incurred challenges to previous interpretations of venom families as ancestral or derived. To redress these gaps, we assessed the phylogenomic relationships of scorpions using the most comprehensive taxonomic sampling to date. We surveyed genomic resources for the incidence of calcins (a type of calcium channel toxin), which were previously known only from 16 scorpion species. Here, we show that calcins are diverse, but phylogenetically restricted only to parvorder Iurida, one of the two basal branches of scorpions. The other branch of scorpions, Buthida, bear the related LKTx toxins (absent in Iurida), but lack calcins entirely. Analysis of sequences and molecular models demonstrates remarkable phylogenetic inertia within both calcins and LKTx genes. These results provide the first synapomorphies (shared derived traits) for the recently redefined clades Buthida and Iurida, constituting the only known case of such traits defined from the morphology of molecules.
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