ArticleGenome biology and evolution2019
Evolution of Copy Number at the MHC Varies across the Avian Tree of Life.
Article in Genome biology and evolution, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 107 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-analysis of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class IIA reveals polymorphism and positive selection in many vertebrate species.Molecular ecology · 2022Pooled it
- Indirect genomic effects shape cancer risk across species.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Adaptive Genetic Variation in Black-and-White Snub-Nosed Monkeys (Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- MHC in newts illuminates the evolutionary dynamics of complex regions in giant genomes.Genome research · 2026Article
- Major Histocompatibility Complex Immunogenetic Diversity Differs Substantially Across Sea Turtle Species and Genomic Regions.Genome biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Copy number variation and evolution of MHC class I and II genes in lovebirds (Agapornis, Psittaculidae, Psittaciformes).Heredity · 2026Article
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- Allelic diversity ofVeterinary and animal science · 2025Article
- Immunological surveillance against cancer across mammals.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The neuro-immune crosstalk between periphery and central nervous system during acute immune response to virus-mimicking RNA in parrots.Royal Society open science · 2025Article
- Diverse hosts, diverse immune systems: Evolutionary variation in bat immunology.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2025Review
- Long read genome unravels MHC I genomic architecture, evolution, and diversity loss iniScience · 2025Article
- The Amphibian Major Histocompatibility Complex-A Review and Future Outlook.Journal of molecular evolution · 2025Review
- AMPed up immunity: 418 whole genomes reveal intraspecific diversity of koala antimicrobial peptides.Immunogenetics · 2025Article
- Using bioinformatics to investigate functional diversity: a case study of MHC diversity in koalas.Immunogenetics · 2024Article
- Expansion of MHC-IIB Has Constrained the Evolution of MHC-IIA in Passerines.Genome biology and evolution · 2024Article
- Palaeognaths Reveal Evolutionary Ancestry of the Avian Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II.Genome biology and evolution · 2024Article
- Plethora of New Marsupial Genomes Informs Our Knowledge of Marsupial MHC Class II.Genome biology and evolution · 2024Article
- Associations among MHC genes, latitude, and avian malaria infections in the rufous-collared sparrow (Ecology and evolution · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The evolution of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is shaped by frequent gene duplications and deletions, which generate extensive variation in the number of loci (gene copies) between different taxa. Here, we collected estimates of copy number at the MHC for over 250 bird species from 68 families. We found contrasting patterns of copy number evolution between MHC class I and class IIB, which encode receptors for intra- and extracellular pathogens, respectively. Across the avian evolutionary tree, there was evidence of accelerated evolution and stabilizing selection acting on copy number at class I, while copy number at class IIB was primarily influenced by fluctuating selection and drift. Reconstruction of MHC copy number variation showed ancestrally low numbers of MHC loci in nonpasserines and evolution toward larger numbers of loci in passerines. Different passerine lineages had the highest duplication rates for MHC class I (Sylvioidea) and class IIB (Muscicapoidea and Passeroidea). We also found support for the correlated evolution of MHC copy number and life-history traits such as lifespan and migratory behavior. These results suggest that MHC copy number evolution in birds has been driven by life histories and differences in exposure to intra- and extracellular pathogens.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.