ReviewFamily practice2019
Adaption and validation of the Working Alliance Inventory for General Practice: qualitative review and cross-sectional surveys.
Review in Family practice, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05788302 (Mechanisms Underlying Efficacy of Prolonged Exposure), which is not on this map. Cited by 16 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Mechanisms Underlying Efficacy of Prolonged Exposure
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Relationally competent attitudes and actions: a systematic review of general practice literature.Scandinavian journal of primary health care · 2025Pooled it
- The therapeutic relationship between a client and dietitian: A systematic integrative review of empirical literature.Nutrition & dietetics : the journal of the Dietitians Association of Australia · 2022Pooled it
- The Working Alliance Inventory's Measurement Properties: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Pooled it
- Addressing the Psychological Needs of Adolescents During the Wait Time for Mental Health Treatment: Service Design Study.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- Evaluating effectiveness and engagement strategies for asynchronous, messaging, trauma-focused therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: Study design and methodology for a hybrid effectiveness-implementation randomized controlled trial.Contemporary clinical trials · 2026Article
- The Compassionate HEART Patient Questionnaire: Validation and Reliability of a Novel Measure of Relationship-Centered Care.Journal of patient-centered research and reviews · 2026Article
- Measuring the therapeutic bond in genetic counseling: Testing measurement error in the bond subscale of the Working Alliance Inventory.Journal of genetic counseling · 2025Article
- Measuring working alliance and technical alliance from the perspective of healthcare professionals working with people with mild intellectual disabilities: adaptation, factor structure and reliability.Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR · 2023Article
- Clinical Communication in Rehabilitation.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Article
- Defining case management success: a qualitative study of case manager perspectives from a large-scale health and social needs support program.BMJ open quality · 2022Article
- Development of a Machine Learning-Based Predictive Model for Lung Metastasis in Patients With Ewing Sarcoma.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Article
- Investigation of causes of ceiling effects on working alliance measures.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Design of CLARO (Collaboration Leading to Addiction Treatment and Recovery from other Stresses): A randomized trial of collaborative care for opioid use disorder and co-occurring depression and/or posttraumatic stress disorder.Contemporary clinical trials · 2021Article
- Exploring the psychometric properties of the Working Alliance Inventory in general practice: a cross-sectional study.BJGP open · 2021Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRelational aspects of primary care are important, but we have no standard measure for assessment. The 'working alliance' incorporates elements of the therapeutic relationship, shared decision-making, goal setting and communication skills. The Working Alliance Inventory (short form) (WAI-SF) has been used in adult psychology, and a high score on the survey is associated with improved outcomes for clients.
objectiveTo adapt the WAI-SF for use between GPs and patients and to test its concurrent validity with measures of shared decision-making and the doctor-patient relationship and discriminant validity with measures of social desirability.
methodsTwo rounds of online survey feedback from 55 GPs and 47 patients were used to adapt the WAI-SF-the WAI-GP. The tool was then completed by 142 patients in waiting rooms after seeing their GP and by 16 GPs at the end of their session. Concurrent validity with measures of shared decision-making and patient-doctor depth of relationship was determined using Spearman Rho correlations. Patients also completed two social desirability surveys, and discriminant validity with WAI-GP was assessed.
resultsFollowing feedback, the survey was re-worded to remove phrases that were perceived as judgmental or irrelevant. The patient measure of the WAI-GP was strongly correlated with Dyadic OPTION (rho = 0.705, P = 0.0001) and Patient-Doctor Depth of Relationship scale (rho = 0.591, P = 0.0001) and not with measures of social desirability.
conclusionThe psychometric properties of the WAI-GP support its use for measuring GP-patient alliance. Possibilities for use include assessing the influence of therapeutic alliance on the effectiveness of interventions.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.