ArticlePloS one2018
Phylogenetic analysis of West Nile Virus in Maricopa County, Arizona: Evidence for dynamic behavior of strains in two major lineages in the American Southwest.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cocirculation of endemic and recently introduced West Nile Virus lineage 1 clades in Southern Spain.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Accounting for spatial variation in weather factors predicts spatial variations in Culex quinquefasciatus abundance in the Desert Southwest.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Genomic characterization of a severe West Nile Virus transmission season using a single reaction amplicon sequencing approach.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Accounting for spatial variation in climatic factors predicts spatial variations in mosquito abundance in the desert southwest.Research square · 2025Article
- Genetic diversity of Murray Valley encephalitis virus 1951-2020 identified via phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Genomic Epidemiology for Estimating Pathogen Burden in a Population.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Temperature and time of host-seeking activity impact the efficacy of chemical control interventions targeting the West Nile virus vector, Culex tarsalis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Review
- Sustained antiviral insulin signaling during West Nile virus infection results in viral mutations.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- A Spatially Resolved and Environmentally Informed Forecast Model of West Nile Virus in Coachella Valley, California.GeoHealth · 2023Article
- Phylogenetic Analysis of the 2020 West Nile Virus (WNV) Outbreak in Andalusia (Spain).Viruses · 2021Article
- St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in the Southwestern United States: A Phylogeographic Case for a Multi-Variant Introduction Event.Frontiers in genetics · 2021Article
- Epidemiological hypothesis testing using a phylogeographic and phylodynamic framework.Nature communications · 2020Article
- Article
- Twenty years of West Nile virus spread and evolution in the Americas visualized by Nextstrain.PLoS pathogens · 2019Review
- Towards Translational Epidemiology: Next-Generation Sequencing and Phylogeography as Epidemiological Mainstays.mSystems · 2019Article
- An amplicon-based sequencing framework for accurately measuring intrahost virus diversity using PrimalSeq and iVar.Genome biology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) has been detected annually in Maricopa County, Arizona, since 2003. With this in mind, we sought to determine if contemporary strains are endemic to the county or are annually imported. As part of this effort, we developed a new protocol for tiled amplicon sequencing of WNV to efficiently attain greater than 99% coverage of 14 WNV genomes collected directly from positive mosquito pools distributed throughout Maricopa County between 2014 and 2017. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses revealed that contemporary genomes fall within two major lineages; NA/WN02 and SW/WN03. We found that all of the Arizona strains possessed an amino acid substitution known to be under positive selection, which has arisen independently at least four times in Arizona. The SW/WN03 strains exhibited transient behavior, with at least 10 separate introductions into Arizona when considering both historical and contemporary strains. However, NA/WN02 strains are geographically differentiated and appear to be endemic in Arizona, with two clades that have been circulating for four and seven years. This establishment in Maricopa County provides the first evidence of local overwintering by a WNV strain over the course of several years in Arizona. Within a national context, the placement of eleven contemporary Arizona strains in the NA/WN02 lineage indicates while WNV first entered the northeastern United States in 1999, the most ancestral extant strains of WNV are now circulating in the American southwest.
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