ArticlePloS one2018
Grading system for periodontitis by analyzing levels of periodontal pathogens in saliva.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Microbial Markers for Diagnosis and Risk Assessment for Periodontal Diseases: A Systematic Literature Search and Narrative Synthesis.Journal of clinical periodontology · 2025Pooled it
- Oral probiotic Weissella cibaria improves halitosis and reduces periodontal pathogens: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.BMC oral health · 2026Trial
- Clinical utility of subgingival plaque-specific bacteria in salivary microbiota for detecting periodontitis.PloS one · 2021Trial
- Association of PCR-based oral bacterial profiles with fluorescence-detected plaque and caries experience in 3-year-old children: a cross-sectional study.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Highly accurate measurement of the relative abundance of oral pathogenic bacteria using colony-forming unit-based qPCR.Journal of periodontal & implant science · 2024Article
- Impact of Circulating Cell-Free DNA (cfDNA) as a Biomarker of the Development and Evolution of Periodontitis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- The Correlation between Periodontal Parameters and Cell-Free DNA in the Gingival Crevicular Fluid, Saliva, and Plasma in Chinese Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Salivary Microbiome Profile of Diabetes and Periodontitis in a Chinese Population.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- Microbiome of Saliva and Plaque in Children According to Age and Dental Caries Experience.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Quantification of Bacteria in Mouth-Rinsing Solution for the Diagnosis of Periodontal Disease.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Detection of association between periodontitis and polymorphisms of IL-1β + 3954 and TNF-α -863 in the Korean population after controlling for confounding risk factors.Journal of periodontal research · 2020Article
- Comparison of Bacterial Load Parameters in Subgingival Plaque during Peri-implantitis and Periodontitis Using the RT-PCR Method.Acta stomatologica Croatica · 2020Article
- The salivary microbiota in health and disease.Journal of oral microbiology · 2020Review
- Prediction of Chronic Periodontitis Severity Using Machine Learning Models Based On Salivary Bacterial Copy Number.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2020Article
- Identification of Salivary Microbiota and Its Association With Host Inflammatory Mediators in Periodontitis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2019Article
- Age and gender characteristics of the biochemical composition of saliva: Correlations with the composition of blood plasma.Journal of oral biology and craniofacial researchArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infectious disease that is associated with microorganisms that colonize the tooth surface. Clinically, periodontal condition stability reflects dynamic equilibrium between bacterial challenge and host response. Therefore, periodontal pathogen assessment can assist in the early detection of periodontitis. Here we developed a grading system called the periodontal pathogen index (PPI) by analyzing the copy numbers of multiple pathogens both in healthy and chronic periodontitis patients. We collected 170 mouthwash samples (64 periodontally healthy controls and 106 chronic periodontitis patients) and analyzed the salivary 16S rRNA levels of nine pathogens using multiplex, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Except for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, copy numbers of all pathogens were significantly higher in chronic periodontitis patients. We classified the samples based on optimal cut-off values with maximum sensitivity and specificity from receiver operating characteristic curve analyses (AUC = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.87-0.96) into four categories of PPI: Healthy (1-40), Moderate (41-60), At Risk (61-80), and Severe (81-100). PPI scores were significantly higher in all chronic periodontitis patients than in the controls (odds ratio: 31.7, 95% CI: 13.41-61.61) and were associated with age, scaling as well as clinical characteristics including clinical attachment level and plaque index. Our PPI grading system can be clinically useful for the early assessment of pathogenic bacterial burden and follow-up monitoring after periodontitis treatment.
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