ArticleAutism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research2019
Infections in children with autism spectrum disorder: Study to Explore Early Development (SEED).
Article in Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Enigma of autism regression mechanistic pathways, clinical phenotypes, and early intervention implications.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2026Review
- Microbiome and its Association with Diseases of the Ear, Nose and Pharynx.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2026Review
- Perinatal, neurodevelopmental and childhood health factors in patients with functional neurological disorder: a retrospective case-record study in a tertiary neuropsychiatry cohort.BMJ neurology open · 2026Article
- Epigenetic, ribosomal, and immune dysregulation in paediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Identifying understudied correlations between autism & phenotypic attributes in a large family dataset.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Neonatal infection withiScience · 2025Article
- Incidence of Otolaryngological Manifestations in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Special Focus on Auditory Disorders.Audiology research · 2024Review
- Microbes and Mental Illness: Past, Present, and Future.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Association between medically diagnosed postnatal infection and childhood cancers: A matched case-control study in Denmark, 1978 to 2016.International journal of cancer · 2023Article
- Viruses and autism: A Bi-mutual cause and effect.World journal of virology · 2023Review
- Disequilibrium in the Thioredoxin Reductase-1/Thioredoxin-1 Redox Couple Is Associated with Increased T-Cell Apoptosis in Children with Autism.Metabolites · 2023Article
- Exposure to Antibiotics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Could Probiotics Modulate the Gut-Brain Axis?Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Association of maternal autoimmune disease and early childhood infections with offspring autism spectrum disorder: A population-based cohort study.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2022Article
- Article
- Effects of COVID-19 on children with autism.World journal of virology · 2022Review
- Maternal pregnancy-related infections and autism spectrum disorder-the genetic perspective.Translational psychiatry · 2022Article
- Article
- Identification of ultra-rare genetic variants in pediatric acute onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS) by exome and whole genome sequencing.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Maternal inflammation and its ramifications on fetal neurodevelopment.Trends in immunology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 8 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Immune system abnormalities have been widely reported among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which may increase the risk of childhood infections. The Study to Explore Early Development (SEED) is a multisite case-control study of children aged 30-69 months, born in 2003-2006. Cases are children previously diagnosed and newly identified with ASD enrolled from education and clinical settings. Children with a previously diagnosed non-ASD developmental condition were included in the developmental delay/disorder (DD) control group. The population (POP) control group included children randomly sampled from birth certificates. Clinical illness from infection during the first 28 days ("neonatal," from medical records) and first three years of life (caregiver report) in cases was compared to DD and POP controls; and between cases with and without regression. Children with ASD had greater odds of neonatal (OR = 1.8; 95%CI: 1.1, 2.9) and early childhood infection (OR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.5, 1.9) compared to POP children, and greater odds of neonatal infection (OR = 1.5; 95%CI: 1.1, 2.0) compared to DD children. Cases with regression had 1.6 times the odds (95%CI: 1.1, 2.3) of caregiver-reported infection during the first year of life compared to cases without regression, but neonatal infection risk and overall early childhood infection risk did not differ. Our results support the hypothesis that children with ASD are more likely to have infection early in life compared to the general population and to children with other developmental conditions. Future studies should examine the contributions of different causes, timing, frequency, and severity of infection to ASD risk. Autism Research 2019, 12: 136-146. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: We looked at infections during early childhood in relation to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We found that children with ASD were more likely to have an infection in the first 28 days of life and before age three compared to children with typical development. Children with ASD were also more likely than children with other developmental delays or disorders to have an infection in the first 28 days of life.
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