ArticleChild's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery2019
Cerebro-venous hypertension: a frequent cause of so-called "external hydrocephalus" in infants.
Article in Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Subarachnoid space in infancy and early childhood: a systematic review of measurements.Pediatric radiology · 2026Pooled it
- Continuous Intracranial Pressure Monitoring in Children with 'Benign' External Hydrocephalus.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Jugular foramen stenosis in external hydrocephalus in infants.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2024Article
- Intracranial Hypertension with Patent Basal Cisterns: Controlled Lumbar Drainage as a Therapeutic Option. Selected Case Series.Neurocritical care · 2024Article
- Quantitative assessment of cerebrospinal fluid flow and volume in enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces of infancy using MRI.Pediatric radiology · 2023Article
- Transcranial optical monitoring for detecting intracranial pressure alterations in children with benign external hydrocephalus: a proof-of-concept study.Neurophotonics · 2022Article
- Subarachnomegaly-venous congestion of infancy.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2021Review
- Integrated understanding of hydrocephalus - a practical approach for a complex disease.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2021Review
- Evidence for normal extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume in autistic males from middle childhood to adulthood.NeuroImage · 2021Article
- Dural venous sinus anatomy in children with external hydrocephalus: analysis of a series of 97 patients.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2021Article
- Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Infants with Benign Enlargement of the Subarachnoid Space.Iranian journal of child neurology · 2021Article
- Temporary exacerbation of benign external hydrocephalus following minor head trauma.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2020Article
- Dural sinus collapsibility, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and the pathogenesis of chronic migraine.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2019Review
- Evaluation of subarachnoid space and subarachnoid cisterns in children and teenagers based on computed tomography studies.Polish journal of radiology · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionExternal hydrocephalus (eHC) is commonly defined as a subtype of infant "hydrocephalus" consisting of macrocepahly associated with enlarged subarachnoid space and no or mild ventriculomegaly. This status is thought to be related to impaired CSF absorption because of arachnoid villi immaturity. However, other factors like the venous system might be involved in the development of the clinical picture.
methodsAll patients diagnosed with eHC received prospectively contrast-enhanced 3D MR phlebography. Venous sis abnormalities were graded depending on the number of affected sinus segments and type. External CSF space volume was quantified planimetrically.
resultsSeventeen patients with the typical clinical feature of eHC were included. In 15, venous sinus abnormalities were found. There was a significant correlation between the volume of the widened cortical subarachnoid space (CSAS) and the number of venous sinus segments affected. Conversely, ventricular volume was not correlated.
conclusionThese results support the hypothesis that impaired venous outflow plays a major role in external hydrocephalus development. Raised venous pressure increases intracranial pressure accelerating head growth, resulting in an enlargement of the cortical subarachnoid space. Increased venous pressure increases the capillary bed pressure and brain turgor preventing ventricular space to enlarge forcing displacement of ventricular CSF to the subarachnoid space. As a result, ventriculomegaly is rarely found. The descriptive term "external hydrocephalus" implying a primary etiology within the CSF system is misleading and this work supports the notion that venous hypertension is the leading cause of the clinical picture.
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