ReviewThe European journal of neuroscience2019
Immune system responses in Parkinson's disease: Early and dynamic.
Review in The European journal of neuroscience, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 111 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
111 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 164 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human leukocyte antigen in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of risk and clinical attributes.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Pooled it
- Is There an Association Between Parkinson's Disease and Periodontitis? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2023Pooled it
- Impact of aging on animal models of Parkinson's disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- Monocyte markers correlate with immune and neuronal brain changes in REM sleep behavior disorder.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Trial
- From neuroinflammation to immune reprogramming: Nanozyme-Integrated nanoplatforms for neuroimmune modulation in Parkinson's disease.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Repurposing Anticancer Drugs in Parkinson's Treatment: Molecular Pathways Driving Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Advancement.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Activation of transposable elements is linked to a region- and cell type-specific interferon response in Parkinson's disease.Science advances · 2026Article
- Combination GLP-1RA and Low-Dose IL-2 Modulates Peripheral Immune Activation and Attenuates CNS Inflammatory Transcript Signatures In Vivo.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The Neuroimmune Duality of CD4⁺ T Cells: Drivers of Damage and Repair in the Brain.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Pain in Parkinson's disease: bridging pathophysiology, clinical features, and personalized management.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Review
- Parkinson's disease as a multi-axis systems disorder: integrating molecular pathology and circuit-level therapeutics.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- The Influence of Gut Microbiome on Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation: Implications for Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Bibliometric analysis of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders (1997-2025): trends and future directions.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Serum ferritin, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio are associated with levodopa-induced dyskinesia severity in Parkinson's disease.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Allergic disease as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease: a possible role of eosinophil.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Reduced expression of SOCS1-5 and STAT5a genes in Parkinson's disease patients: evidence for dysregulated immune signaling.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Peripheral Inflammatory Biomarkers in Parkinson's Disease: Clinical Correlations and Stratification.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Galectin-3 as a Key Driver of Neuroinflammation and α-Synuclein Aggregation in Parkinson's Disease: Unlocking New Paths for Biomarkers and Therapies.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2026Review
- The Progress of Active Immunotherapy for Parkinson's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Cholinergic regulation of neuroinflammation: linking microglia, immunometabolism, and neuromodulation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
51 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) are the degeneration and death of dopamine-producing neurons in the ventral midbrain, the widespread intraneuronal aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α) in Lewy bodies and neurites, neuroinflammation, and gliosis. Signs of microglia activation in the PD brain postmortem as well as during disease development revealed by neuroimaging, implicate immune responses in the pathophysiology of the disease. Intensive research during the last two decades has advanced our understanding of the role of these responses in the disease process, yet many questions remain unanswered. A transformative finding in the field has been the confirmation that in vivo microglia are able to respond directly to pathological a-syn aggregates but also to neuronal dysfunction due to intraneuronal a-syn toxicity well in advance of neuronal death. In addition, clinical research and disease models have revealed the involvement of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Indeed, the data suggest that PD leads not only to a microglia response, but also to a cellular and humoral peripheral immune response. Together, these findings compel us to consider a more holistic view of the immunological processes associated with the disease. Central and peripheral immune responses aimed at maintaining neuronal health will ultimately have consequences on neuronal survival. We will review here the most significant findings that have contributed to the current understanding of the immune response in PD, which is proposed to occur early, involve peripheral and brain immune cells, evolve as neuronal dysfunction progresses, and is likely to influence disease progression.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.