ArticleBMJ open2018
Understanding the full burden of drowning: a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of fatal and non-fatal drowning in Australia.
Article in BMJ open, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 92 citations in OpenAlex.
- The burden, risk factors and prevention strategies for drowning in Türkiye: a systematic literature review.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Treatment of the lung injury of drowning: a systematic review.Critical care (London, England) · 2021Pooled it
- A climate sensitive-health risk: A scoping review of environmental determinants of aquatic injury and mortality.BMC public health · 2026Article
- AquaAI: development and internal validation of a Danish transformer-based model to identify drowning and aquatic incidents in prehospital medical records.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Trends in Unintentional Drowning Mortality Among U.S. Adults Aged ≥25 Years, 1999-2024: A U.S. Surveillance Analysis.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The Danish Drowning Cohort: Evaluation of Data Availability for Fatal and Non-Fatal Drowning Incidents.Clinical epidemiology · 2026Article
- Drowning incidents treated by the Danish Royal Air Force's Search and Rescue helicopters: a 10-year nationwide registry-based cohort study.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2025Article
- A qualitative analysis of parents' beliefs about portable pool safety behaviours.Journal of health psychology · 2025Article
- Pediatric hospital visits for unintentional drowning in bathtubs in Central Texas, USA.Injury epidemiology · 2025Article
- Hospital admissions for non-fatal drowning in Finland, 2002-2023: a nationwide population-based register study.Injury epidemiology · 2025Article
- Alcohol and Aquatic Activity: Young Males' Perceptions of Risk and Social Identity Through the Lived Experience.Health promotion journal of Australia : official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals · 2025Article
- Shaping global strategy, mobilising for local action: reflections from the World Conference on Drowning Prevention 2023.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2025Article
- Criteria for early discharge of drowning patients from the emergency department.Emergency medicine Australasia : EMA · 2025Article
- Far From Help: Exploring the Influence of Regional and Remote Residence on Coastal Visitation and Participation, Risk Perception and Safety Knowledge and Practices.The Australian journal of rural health · 2025Article
- The Danish Drowning Cohort: Utstein-style data from fatal and non-fatal drowning incidents in Denmark.BMC medical research methodology · 2025Article
- Characteristics and critical care interventions in drowning patients treated by the Danish Air Ambulance from 2016 to 2021: a nationwide registry-based study with 30-day follow-up.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2024Article
- Enhancing Water Safety: Exploring Recent Technological Approaches for Drowning Detection.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Water safe Worcester: student-led drowning prevention in an adolescent underserved population.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Impact of a surfer rescue training program in Australia and New Zealand: a mixed methods evaluation.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Burden of fatal drowning in California, 2005-2019.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThe epidemiology of fatal drowning is increasingly understood. By contrast, there is relatively little population-level research on non-fatal drowning. This study compares data on fatal and non-fatal drowning in Australia, identifying differences in outcomes to guide identification of the best practice in minimising the lethality of exposure to drowning.
designA subset of data on fatal unintentional drowning from the Royal Life Saving National Fatal Drowning Database was compared on a like-for-like basis to data on hospital separations sourced from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare's National Hospital Morbidity Database for the 13-year period 1 July 2002 to 30 June 2015. A restrictive definition was applied to the fatal drowning data to estimate the effect of the more narrow inclusion criteria for the non-fatal data (International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes W65-74 and first reported cause only). Incidence and ratios of fatal to non-fatal drowning with univariate and Χ
settingAustralia, 1 July 2002 to 30 June 2015.
participantsUnintentional fatal drowning cases and cases of non-fatal drowning resulting in hospital separation.
results2272 fatalities and 6158 hospital separations occurred during the study period, a ratio of 1:2.71. Children 0-4 years (1:7.63) and swimming pools (1:4.35) recorded high fatal to non-fatal ratios, whereas drownings among people aged 65-74 years (1:0.92), 75+ years (1:0.87) and incidents in natural waterways (1:0.94) were more likely to be fatal.
conclusionsThis study highlights the extent of the drowning burden when non-fatal incidents are considered, although coding limitations remain. Documenting the full burden of drowning is vital to ensuring that the issue is fully understood and its prevention adequately resourced. Further research examining the severity of non-fatal drowning cases requiring hospitalisation and tracking outcomes of those discharged will provide a more complete picture.
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