ArticleInternational journal for parasitology2019
Clonal and atypical Toxoplasma strain differences in virulence vary with mouse sub-species.
Article in International journal for parasitology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- From pathogen to cure: exploring the antitumor potential of Toxoplasma gondii.Infectious agents and cancer · 2025Review
- GRA12 is a common virulence factor across Toxoplasma gondii strains and mouse subspecies.Nature communications · 2025Article
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- Rapid genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii isolates via Nanopore-based multi-locus sequencing.AMB Express · 2024Article
- A parasite odyssey: An RNA virus concealed inVirus evolution · 2024Article
- Presence of IgG antibodies is not a reliable marker ofInternational journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife · 2023Article
- Hastening Progress inMicroorganisms · 2022Article
- Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii Strains from Goats in Jahrom District, Southern Iran.Acta parasitologica · 2022Article
- Molecular prevalence, genetic characterization and patterns of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic small mammals from Cotonou, Benin.Parasite (Paris, France) · 2022Article
- Unifying Virulence Evaluation inFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
- Toxoplasma gondii in the faeces of wild felids from the Atlantic Forest, Brazil.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2022Article
- Genetic mapping reveals Nfkbid as a central regulator of humoral immunity to Toxoplasma gondii.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- In vivo and in vitro models show unexpected degrees of virulence among Toxoplasma gondii type II and III isolates from sheep.Veterinary research · 2021Article
- A hotspot of Toxoplasma gondii Africa 1 lineage in Benin: How new genotypes from West Africa contribute to understand the parasite genetic diversity worldwide.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Pathophysiology of ocular toxoplasmosis: Facts and open questions.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Review
- The molecular biology and immune control of chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2020Review
- Influence of the Host and Parasite Strain on the Immune Response DuringFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2020Review
- Mouse protein coding diversity: What's left to discover?PLoS genetics · 2019Review
- In Vivo CRISPR Screen Identifies TgWIP as a Toxoplasma Modulator of Dendritic Cell Migration.Cell host & microbe · 2019Article
- The introduction of new hosts with human trade shapes the extant distribution of Toxoplasma gondii lineages.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The severe virulence of Toxoplasma gondii in classical laboratory inbred mouse strains contradicts the hypothesis that house mice (Mus musculus) are the most important intermediate hosts for its transmission and evolution because death of the mouse before parasite transmission equals death of the parasite. However, the classical laboratory inbred mouse strains (Mus musculus domesticus), commonly used to test Toxoplasma strain differences in virulence, do not capture the genetic diversity within Mus musculus. Thus, it is possible that Toxoplasma strains that are severely virulent in laboratory inbred mice are avirulent in some other mouse sub-species. Here, we present insight into the responses of individual mouse strains, representing strains of the genetically divergent Mus musculus musculus, Mus musculus castaneus and Mus musculus domesticus, to infection with individual clonal and atypical Toxoplasma strains. We observed that, unlike M. m. domesticus, M. m. musculus and M. m. castaneus are resistant to the clonal Toxoplasma strains. For M. m. musculus, we show that this is due to a locus on chromosome 11 that includes the genes that encode the interferon gamma (IFNG)-inducible immunity-related GTPases (Irgs) that can kill the parasite by localising and subsequently vesiculating the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. However, despite the localization of known effector Irgs to the Toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuole membrane, we observed that some atypical Toxoplasma strains are virulent in all the mouse strains tested. The virulence of these atypical strains in M. m. musculus could not be attributed to individual rhoptry protein 5 (ROP5) alleles, a secreted parasite pseudokinase that antagonises the canonical effector Irgs and is indispensable for parasite virulence in laboratory inbred mice (M. m. domesticus). We conclude that murine resistance to Toxoplasma is modulated by complex interactions between host and parasite genotypes and may be independent of known effector Irgs on murine chromosome 11.
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